Midterm 1: Chapter 1

Question 1

Identified with complex processes that involve higher-order mechanisms such as interpretation and memory that involve activity in the brain.

Answer 1

Perception

Question 2

Process begins with a stimulus in the environment and ends with the conscious experiences.

Answer 2

Perceptual process

Question 3

What is the steps of the perceptual process?

Answer 3

1. stimulus in the environment
2. stimulus hits the receptors
3. receptor processes
4. neural processing
5. perception!
6. Recognition
7. Action

Question 4

a stimulus out there in the environment; “distant”

Answer 4

Distal Stimulus

Question 5

a stimulus “in proximity” to the receptors

Answer 5

Proximal stimulus

Question 6

States that stimuli and responses created by stimuli are transformed, or changed, between the distal stimulus and perception.

Answer 6

Principle of transformation

Question 7

States that everything a person perceives is based not on direct contact with stimuli but on representations of stimuli that are formed on the receptors and the resulting activity in the person’s nervous system.

Answer 7

Principle of representation

Question 8

Cells specialized to respond to environmental energy

Answer 8

Sensory Receptors

Question 9

_________ receptors respond to light

Answer 9

Visual

Question 10

_________ receptors respond to pressure changes in the air.

Answer 10

Auditory

Question 11

_________ receptors respond to pressure transmitted through the skin

Answer 11

Touch

Question 12

_________ and __________ receptors respond to chemicals entering the nose and mouth.

Answer 12

Smell and taste

Question 13

Contains the machinery for creating perceptions, language, memory, emotions, and thinking

Answer 13

Cerebral cortex

Question 14

Area for hearing

Answer 14

Temporal lobe

Question 15

Area for vision

Answer 15

Occipital lobe

Question 16

Area for touch, temperature, and pain

Answer 16

parietal lobe

Question 17

Area that receives signals from all of the senses, and it plays an important role in perceptions that involve the coordination of information received through two or more senses.

Answer 17

Frontal lobe

Question 18

Inability to recognize objects

Answer 18

Visual form agnosia

Question 19

How does the perceptual process important for survival?

Answer 19

It helps the animals control navigation, catch prey, avoid obstacles, and detect predators.

Question 20

Any info that the perceiver brings to a situation, such as prior experience or expectations.

Answer 20

Knowledge

Question 21

Processing that is based on the stimuli reaching the receptors

Answer 21

Bottom-up processing

Question 22

Processing that is based on Knowledge

Answer 22

Top-down processing

Question 23

Effect where people see vertical or horizontal lines better than lines oriented obliquely

Answer 23

Oblique Effect

Question 24

Measures the relationships between the physical (the stimulus) and the psychological (the behavioral response)

Answer 24

Psychophysics

Question 25

Relates stimuli to behavioral responses, such as perception, recognition.

Answer 25

Stimulus-behavior relationship

Question 26

The relationship between stimuli and physiological responses, like neurons firing

Answer 26

Stimulus-Physiological Relationship

Question 27

Smallest stimulus level that can just be detected

Answer 27

Absolute threshold

Question 28

measure the limits of sensory systems

Answer 28

Threshold

Question 29

the stimuli start low enough to be undetectable and gradually increase over time until they can be detected

Answer 29

Method of limits

Question 30

subjects usually need to be randomly presented with constantly different physical stimuli at different intensities each time the stimuli are presented

Answer 30

Method of constant stimuli

Question 31

the subject is asked to control the level of the stimulus and to alter it until it is just barely detectable against the background noise, or is the same as the level of another stimulus.

Answer 31

Method of Adjustments

Question 32

The smallest difference between two stimuli that enables us to tell the difference between them.

Answer 32

Difference threshold

Question 33

The time between presentation of stimulus and the person's reaction to it.

Answer 33

Reaction time

Question 34

Define the perceptual phenomena we want to explain

Answer 34

Phenomenon logical report

Question 35

How is the perception of light determined?

Answer 35

by determining perceived brightness using a method such as magnitude estimation

Question 36

a band of energy randing from gamma rays at the short-wave end of the spectrum AM radio at the long wave end.

Answer 36

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Question 37

______ is the color of long wavelengths

Answer 37

red

Question 38

________ is the color of short wavelengths

Answer 38

blue

Question 39

Physical size of an object in the world

Answer 39

Distal size

Question 40

Size of the object's projection onto the retina

Answer 40

Proximal size

Question 41

Why do we have 2 eyes?

Answer 41

1. Binocular summation: pool twice as much light 2. increase the field of view 3. Better peripheral vision 4. Other eyes make up for a damaged one 5. redundancy in case of danger 6. larger visual field 7. better depth info

Question 42

Disadvantages to 2 eyes?

Answer 42

1. problem in one eye causes problems to the others (eyes need to line up) 2. can fail at coordination 3. Need more processing power

Question 43

Why is it good that we can move our eyes in our head?

Answer 43

- less energy and faster relative to moving the head. - better precision since it's easier to use - wider field of view - incase of danger, being able to hide easier - Fixation/vergence - Facilitates eye care - Rolling your eyes, using your eyes for expression/communication. - compensate for body/head motion

Question 44

Pupil control can modulate the amount of light entering the eye by a factor of _______.

Answer 44

16

Question 45

What is the issue with pinhole optics?

Answer 45

You need a small aperture (opening) to reduce blur.

Question 46

A term used to describe the state of having perfect vision, or 20/20 sight, in which the eye focuses light on the retina to produce a clear image

Answer 46

Emmetropic

Question 47

What factors affect the detection threshold?

Answer 47

- wavelength - intensity of light - Intertrial interval - background/adaption - duration - position on retina - adaption time - size of spot - subject with good vision

Question 48

How many quanta per rod?

Answer 48

1 quanta, but needs 10 to work