MIDTERM 1 (Chapter 1,2,4) Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
What is health
A
Positive and desired state of being
Involves bio-psychosocial processes
Occurs along a continuum
2
Q
What is health psychology
A
Understanding the biopsychosocial influences on health and illness
3
Q
4 missions
A
Promote and maintain health
Prevent and treat illness
Identify the causes of health and illness
Analyze and improve the health care system
4
Q
Preventive medicine
A
Efforts to maintain well-being and offset of disease
5
Q
Chronic disorder
A
Persist or worsen over time
Over 3 months
6
Q
Acute disorder
A
Abrupt onset and short duration
7
Q
Identifying the causes
A
Identifying the biopsychosocial factors that put people at risk
8
Q
Etiology
A
Causes of disease
9
Q
Epidemiology
A
Factors occurring most often with a disease
10
Q
Improve the health care system
A
Analyze how changes in the delivery of health could improve the lives of patients
11
Q
Components of the biopsychosocial model
A
Biology
Psychology
Social context
12
Q
Biopsychosocial model
A
Consider the interactions between these processes for health and illness
13
Q
Risk genes
A
May increase the likelihood that we will develop the disease but they don’t cause directly the disease
APOE-e4 gene (25% more likely if we have this gene)
14
Q
Deterministic gene
A
Genes that actually cause the disease to develop
HTT gene mutation
15
Q
Systems theory
A
Concept of the body as a system governed by many different factors
Input - Processing - Output
16
Q
Objective
A
Assessment of health from observable measures
17
Q
Subjective
A
How individuals evaluate their own health status
Health is BOTH a subjective and objective experience because of interindividual differences
18
Q
Health around the world
A
BPS model encourages a global health approach
Improve health and achieve more equal outcomes, and highlights areas to improve
Examine the differences in the experience of health
Helps overcome the ethnocentric views (discrimination)
19
Q
Countries
A
Developed countries are wealthy
Underdeveloped countries are less wealthy (lower level of material well-being)
20
Q
Health disparities
A
Differences in overall health, access to the quality health care system
21
Q
Social determinants of health
A
Social and community context Economic stability Education Neighborhood and built environment Health and health care
22
Q
2267-2648 BC
A
Imhotep
Physician of a pharaoh
Healing god
23
Q
1550-1536 BC
A
Ebers Papyrus attributes illness to supernatural causes
24
Q
460-370 BC
A
Hippocrates argued that disease is not divine punishment
25
129 BC-200 AD
Galen connected spinal cord damage and paralysis
In force for the next 14 centuries
Humoral theory: body fluids are very important to regulate emotions (blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm)
26
14th century
Bubonic plague
Poor sanitation
Beliefs that health is focused on superstition
Illness results from the sins of the soul
Relief through meditation, prayers, trepaning, exorcism
27
14-15th century
Renaissance with renewed interest for science (da Vinci, Paré, Versalius)
The germ theory of disease attributed the disease to microorganisms (van Leeuwenhoek)
28
17th century
Descartes set apart mind and body
Discovery of antibiotics and vaccines
Penicillin by Flemming
Polio vaccine by Salk
29
Late 19th century
Dualism of mind and body created a division in healing
| Freud unites mind and body in a belief in holism (everything works as a whole)
30
19th-20th century
Freud: discovered therapeutic influence of talk therapy, the basis of psychoanalysis
Psychosomatic medicine: the relationship between mind and body in disease
31
1930
American Psychosomatic Society
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Lessons
HP follows the history of medicine
HP is based on belief in the mind-body link
Beliefs tied to HP can only be understood in the context of time and place
33
Why are we living longer
```
Current life expectancy of 29 y.o.
Treating acute and infectious diseases
Managing chronic illness to preserve a quality of life
Medical advancements
Riskier lifestyle choices
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34
Evidence-based practice
Evidence-based science
Conscientious use the best current scientific evidence
Applied to health-related decisions making
35
What is included in evidence-based practice
Best research evidence
Clinical expertise
Patient values and preferences
36
Theory
Set of ideas that explain the world in which we live
37
Hypotheses
Statements that can best be tested to determine if the theory is supported
38
Epidemiology
Field concerned with gathering data on health-related issues
First developed to discover causes of contagious diseases
Now also includes chronic conditions
39
Mortality rate
Number of deaths
40
Risk factors
Variable associated with an increased risk of disease
| Try to reduce the risks
41
Morbidity
State of being unhealthy
42
Incidence
Number of new cases at a given time
43
Prevalence
Total number of cases at a given time
44
Lifetime prevalence
The proportion of the population that has, at some point in their lives, had the condition
45
Surveillance
Gathers detailed information about health by assessing the magnitude of a problem
Descriptive and Analytic studies
46
Research methodology
Quantitative data are gathered through carefully designed examination
Discrete and continuous data
47
Quantitative research
Gathered through designed examination
48
Qualitative research
Gathered through observations and open questions
49
Correlational research
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Aims to find linkages between variables
Correlation coefficient (r) to quantify that link
Statistical relationship
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50
Correlation and causation
Only when
1. Predictor variable and outcome variable are related (covariation)
2. Predictor variable precedes the outcome in time (temporal precedence)
3. No plausible alternative explanation (nonspurious relationship)
51
Independent variable
Factors that researchers manipulate across different groups of conditions within the experiment
Predictor variables
52
Dependent variable
Observed outcomes that researchers measure
| Outcome variables
53
Experimental research
Direct manipulation of the variables within a carefully controlled experimental condition
Experimental and control group
Random assignment
Measure outcomes for both groups
54
Quasi-experimental research
Less complete control
No random assignement
Comparaison group
55
Experimental protocol
Detailed plan of study
Baseline, random assignment to conditions, experimental or control condition, outcome measured, differences due to treatment
56
Blind experiments
Patients are unaware of which treatment they are receiving
57
Double-blind experiment
No one involved knows of the assigned experimental conditions
58
Developmental studies
How age or developmental stage relates to some outcomes
59
Cross-sectional studies
Compare groups of people at one point of time
| Cross-cultural
60
Longitudinal studies
Follow individuals through their lifespan
Prospective (through time) and retrospective (backward through time) studies
A lot of data, expensive, hard to follow individual through time
61
Sequential
Mix of both
62
Social genomics
Aims to understand genetic, chemical, hormonal, and neural mechanisms
Uses complex technologies and methodologies to examine the reciprocal interactions between biological and social-cognitive characteristics
63
Epigenetics
Only a small portion of a gene is expressed
| Influence of body and mind
64
Microbiome
We all have a unique microbiome and the microbiota within are constantly in flux
Within the gut live microorganisms that contain genetic information referred to as the microbiome
65
Microbiota
Contained within the microbiome and form part of the microbiota-gut-brain axis
66
Ethics of experiments
Must receive approval from Institutional Review Board
| The review process was instituted due to past harm and endangerment of participants (Tuskegee Syphilis experiment)
67
Current issues of experiments
Replicability crisis: scientific fraud, falsified data, failure to replicate studies
Need to facilitate full disclosure of and access to methods, data, and findings
68
Health-enhancing behaviors
Behaviors that maintain and promote good health, well-being, and longevity
Self-efficacy focuses on what one can do, not one cannot
69
Healthy eating
Maintains or improves your health
Protects against malnutrition
May decrease risks for chronic diseases
Some consensus about healthy eating, but no one size fits all
70
Good eating habits
1. Try to burn as much energy as you eat, eat as much energy you burn
2. Increase consumption of plant foods
3. Limit intake of fats, avoid saturated fats, prefer unsaturated fats, eliminate trans fats
4. Limit intake of granulated sugar
5. Limit salt consumption, prefer iodized salt
6. Limit alcohol consumption
71
Carbs
Complex: not processed, harder to digest, healthy foods, more nutrients
Simple: processed, easier to digest, unhealthy foods
72
Food recommendation
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Balanced and varied
Increase in fruit and veggies
Increase in complex carbs
Decrease in fats
Decrease in sugar
Decrease in sodium
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73
Malnutrition
Food scarcity
Limited food security
Causes more than a third of deaths in childhood developing countries
Fast-food over-consumption in developing countries
74
Obesity
Genetic factor: heritability estimated at 40-70%
Environmental contribution: consumption of high caloric foods, sugar-rich foods and drinks
Linked to health problems: cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer
75
Body mass index
Measure of body fat based on weight and height
Weight x 703 divided by height 2
Not a good indicator because differences in body shape and doesn't distinguish fat distribution
Waits-hip ration
76
Factors of influence for weight
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Thrifty gene hypothesis
Genetic component
Age-related changes in metabolism
Eating habits
Big-five personality traits
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77
Thrifty gene hypothesis
Evolutionary perspective
Store fat more easily for survival (cytokines) with sex differences
Women: hips, thighs, buttocks
Men: abdomen, upper body
78
Genetic component
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Heritability 40-70%
Gene polymorphisms (involved in the regulation of appetite, satiety, energy expenditure, weight)
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79
Eating habits
Intuitive eaters (most optimal type of eating, better health outcomes)
Restrained eaters restrain their eating
External eaters eat in response to food cues
Emotional eaters tend to eat in response to negative emotions
80
Big-five Personality traits
Neophobia
| Emotionality
81
Self-control
Ability to control one's desire, emotions and behaviors
82
Self-efficacy
Belief in one's ability to succeed
83
Eating biology
Preference for sweet and salty foods is a genetic predisposition that is shaped by experiences
Sweet comes first as a newborn (breast milk is sweet)
Salty comes with solid eating
Heritability component (twin studies and sugar)
Needs vary depending on an individual's basal metabolic rate
84
Hypothalamus
Neural appetite center
GI tract, adipose tissue, stomach
Ghrelin: hunger hormone (signal that we are hungry, excitatory)
Insulin: help breaks down sugar (inhibitory)
Leptin: suppressant (inhibitory)
85
Physical exercise
Physical inactivity costs a lot in health care and lost productivity
Important to maintain a certain level of aerobic and resistance training
86
Benefits of exercise
Decreases depression and stress
Increases chances of living longer
Increases energy and self-esteem
Promotes better sleep
Improves cardiovascular, respiratory, and immune functioning
Reduces body fat, overweight, and obesity
Builds endurance and strong bones, muscles, and joints
Conditions heart and lungs
87
Lack of physical exercise
2 hours per day sitting around can increase the chance of having heart problems
Lifestyle choices are key
Various barriers to exercise reported
88
Sleep
About 7-8 hours per night
| Sleep debt: potential deleterious consequences of suboptimal sleep
89
Circadian rhythm
Biological cycles that carry us from night to day, and day to night
Cortisol and melatonin
90
Sleep stages
Light transitional sleep: voluntary muscles relax
More stable sleep: body temperature drops, heart rate slows, sleep spindle occurs
Deep sleep: tissue repair occurs
REM sleep: memory is revitalized, dreams occur
91
Sleep hygiene
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Maintain a consistent bedtime schedule
Avoid screens
Limit alcohol
Avoid eating before bed
Comfortable room temperature
Exercise during the day
Limit decision making
Unwind
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92
Other healthy behaviors
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Reduce tobacco use
Screening for breast cancer or colorectal cancer at 40-50 y.o.
Preventive health practices
Increase sun protection
Increase seat-belt use
Safe(r) sex
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