Midterm 1 Chapters 1-3 Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
This Greek word means “soul” or “mind.”
A
Psyche
2
Q
________ is the view that the mind and body are fundamentally the same.
A
Monism
3
Q
__________ is a process employed by Wilhelm Wundt by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible.
A
Introspection
4
Q
In __________ view, the unconscious mind was a repository of feelings and urges of which we have no awareness.
A
Sigmund Freud’s
5
Q
__________ studied a form of learning behavior called a conditioned reflex, in which an animal or human produced an unconscious reflexive response to a stimulus and, over time, was conditioned to produce the same response to a different stimulus.
A
Ivan Pavlov
6
Q
__________ used a therapeutic technique known as client-centered therapy in helping his clients deal with problematic issues that resulted in their seeking psychotherapy.
A
Carl Rogers
7
Q
__________ seeks to study the ultimate biological causes of behavior.
A
Evolutionary psychology
8
Q
__________ psychologists conduct research on a wide variety of topics, including prejudice, attraction, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts.
A
Social
9
Q
__________ is the area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior.
A
Clinical psychology
10
Q
Who of the following was a prominent figure in the cognitive revolution?
A
Noam Chomsky
11
Q
The Psyche in psychology refers to the __________.
A
Soul and Mind
12
Q
True or false: Monism is the view that the mind and body are fundamentally distinct.
A
False
13
Q
__________ is the methodology developed by Wilhelm Wundt to understand the structure or characteristics of the mind.
A
Structuralism
14
Q
A major emphasis of __________ psychology deals with the fact that although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to in perception.
A
Gestalt
15
Q
__________ holds that all humans have an innate potential for good; this view asserts that human beings are inherently good.
A
Humanism
16
Q
True or false: Unconditional positive regard is the fundamental acceptance of a person regardless of what they say or do.
A
True
17
Q
____________ explores how patterns of thoughts and behaviors make each individual unique.
A
Personality psychology
18
Q
__________ psychologists research how specific communities, social institutions, and society in general impact individuals and groups of individuals.
A
Community
19
Q
__________ are medical doctors and, unlike counselors, can prescribe medications for mental health problems.
A
Psychiatrists
20
Q
The “ology” in psychology refers to the __________.
A
The scientific study of
21
Q
True or false: Before the 19th century, those who were interested in exploring issues related to the mind generally did so in a philosophical context.
A
True
22
Q
Which of the following focuses on how mental activities help an organism fit into its environment?
A
Functionalism
23
Q
The word __________ roughly translates to “whole”.
A
Gestalt
24
Q
__________ was an American psychologist best known for proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior.
A
Abraham Maslow
25
By the 1950s, new disciplinary perspectives in linguistics, neuroscience, and computer science were emerging, and these areas revived interest in the mind as a focus of scientific inquiry. This movement has come to be known as __________.
The cognitive revolution
26
Many __________ psychologists study how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior.
Biological
27
Businesses often seek the aid of __________ psychologists to make the best hiring decisions and create environments that boost employee productivity and efficiency.
I-O
28
__________ deals with questions of psychology as they arise in the context of the justice system.
Forensic psychology
29
___________ was one of the founders of functionalism, while ___________ was one of the founders of structuralism.
William James;
| Wilhelm Wundt
30
Observational studies test __________ while experiments test __________.
Relational hypotheses;
| casual hypotheses
31
True or false: Psychology is a science.
True
32
Which of the following refers to the extent to which a variable measures what it is supposed to measure?
Validity
33
True or false?
Theories propose an explanation for observed phenomena. Theories are repeatedly checked against the world. Researchers create hypotheses to test specific aspects of a theory.
True
34
____________ is a method of dividing participants such that all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group in an experiment.
Random assignment
35
________ is a study in which the researcher knows which groups the participants are in, while the participants do not.
A single-blind study
36
True or false: A scientific hypothesis must be falsifiable.
True
37
True or false: A correlation coefficient is always a positive number from 0 to 1.
False
38
A(n) _________________ is manipulated or controlled by the experimenter.
Independent variable
39
According to the lecture, the three "levels of analysis" are the biological mechanism level, the psychological level, and the _________ level.
Social
40
True or false: The source of scientific knowledge is careful and systematic observation.
True
41
Which of the following refers to whether or not a measure is related to the measures that it should (theoretically) be related to?
Convergent Validity
42
Which of the following refers to a tentative explanation or prediction about some phenomenon?
Hypothesis
43
True or false: When conducting a field study, a researcher studies behavior in a naturalistic environment.
True
44
Which of the following problems are present in all correlational studies?
The directionality problem & the third variable problem
45
In the scientific community, __________ can be established only using evidence collected through empirical research.
Facts
46
A(n) ________ is a substance or treatment that is designed to have no therapeutic effect, it is often used for control conditions in experiments.
Placebo
47
In a __________ correlation, the variables move in the same direction. In a __________ correlation, the variables move in opposite directions.
Positive;
| Negative
48
True or false: A research study has good construct validity if the operational definition of a variable measures what it is supposed to measure.
True
49
Which of the following levels of analysis refers to the identity, personality, memory, motivation, and consciousness?
Psychological
50
True or false: A variable must always represent more than one value.
True
51
Which of the following types of validity refers to whether the measure is unrelated to the wrong things?
Discriminate validity
52
True or false: A relational hypothesis tests whether two variables are correlated with one another.
True
53
The __________ method is a method of data collection in which researchers measure what people think or feel about a variable (usually in the form of questionnaires or interviews).
Self-report
54
In a(n) __________ study , a researcher manipulates the presence or absence of variable(s) and measures response(s) to that manipulation.
Experimental
55
In __________, one goes from the general to the specific. In __________, one goes from the specific to the general.
Deductive reasoning;
| inductive reasoning
56
__________ research involves gathering data repeatedly over an extended period of time.
Longitudinal
57
A __________ is a third variable that is actually causing the systematic movement in variables of interest.
Confounding variable
58
True or false: A negative correlation is the same as no correlation.
False
59
__________ describe a dataset by identifying measures of central tendency and variability.
Descriptive statistics
60
True or false: A confound is the same as the third-variable problem.
False
61
The ___________ is the idea that significant findings get published and non-significant findings do not.
File-drawer problem
62
Which of the following are measures of variability?
Range, variance, standard deviation
63
The smaller the sample, the __________ the sampling error, while the larger the sample, the __________ the sampling error.
Larger;
| Smaller
64
Which of the following is not relevant in the calculation of an effect size?
Sample size
65
True or false: A clinical or case study is a type of observational research study focusing on one or a few people.
True
66
True or false: Clinical studies rely on looking at past records or data sets to look for interesting patterns or relationships.
False
67
True or false: When a researcher tests the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, they are conducting longitudinal research.
True
68
True or false: Outliers can have a large effect on the mean of a dataset.
True
69
True or false: A research study has good internal validity if the study produces a clear causal connection between the variables.
True
70
True or false: The third variable problem is a common issue in observational research, while confounding variables are a common problem in experiments.
True
71
____________ is a practice in which scientists submit their research analysis plan before they conduct a study.
Preregistration
72
___________ is found by calculating the square root of the variance; it tells you the average variation around the mean.
Standard deviation
73
___________ is found by calculating the square root of the variance; it tells you the average variation around the mean.
Null hypothesis
74
A correlation coefficient is a number from ____________ that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between variables.
-1 to +1
75
True or false: Archival research is typically an inexpensive option when compared to other research methods.
True
76
The _______________ was an unethical study in which black men with syphilis were never informed of their disease and were not given treatments when they became available.
Tuskegee experiment
77
True or false: An important aspect of peer-reviewed journal articles is that they are read by several other scientists (generally anonymously) with expertise in the subject matter.
True
78
True or false: A research study has good external validity if the results generalize to other people, settings, and/or conditions.
True
79
True or false: Before a paper is published in a scientific journal it is reviewed by peers (experts in the field) who help the editor determine if the paper is fit for publication.
True
80
Measures of central tendency are __________ statistics.
Descriptive
81
True or false: A standard deviation of zero means absolutely no variability exists in the sample.
True
82
True or false: Internal review boards consider the costs and benefits of proposed research projects.
True
83
A __________ is a subset of individuals selected from a __________, which is the overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in.
Sample;
| Population
84
__________ research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time.
Longitudinal
85
___________ is a method of dividing participants such that all participants have an equal chance of being placed in either group in an experiment.
Random assignment
86
A(n) __________ form provides a written description of what participants can expect during the experiment, including potential risks and implications of the research.
Informed consent
87
True or false: Leaders with a more interdependent style have more committed, creative, and productive employees than leaders with a more independent style.
True
88
True or false: Analytic thinkers tend to separate focal objects from their context, categorize using generic taxonomic rules, and avoid contradictions.
True
89
True or false: Cultural experience can impact perception.
True
90
The United States, Australia, Great Britain, The Netherlands, New Zealand, and Canada are all ________ cultures—cultures in which people are taught to put themselves first, and where personal space and resources, privacy, and individual opinions are encouraged.
Individualistic
91
True or false: Compared to students whose parents finished college (continuing-generation students), first-generation students earn lower grades.
True
92
True or false: Culture is the ideas, institutions, and interactions that guide and reflect individuals' thoughts, feelings, and actions.
True
93
True or false: The culture cycle cannot be changed.
False
94
True or false: A greater percentage of African American parents talk about race with their children in comparison to White parents.
True
95
The __________ refers to the limits that women face in ascending to higher positions and the __________ refers to the limits that Asian Americans face in ascending to higher positions.
Glass ceiling;
| Bamboo ceiling
96
A study found that US students estimated that __ percent of students were smarter than them, while Japanese students estimated that __ percent of students were smarter than them.
30;
| 50
97
A(n) __________ is an aspect of culture that represents how people in a society respond to basic problems in life, such as dealing with uncertainty or fitting into a hierarchy.
Cultural dimension
98
True or false: Power distance is related to how cultures solve the problem of social inequality or the relationship between more and less powerful members of society.
True
99
True or false: Compared to students whose parents finished college (continuing-generation students), first-generation students have a greater number of relationships with professors.
False
100
True or false: Women earn fewer advanced degrees than men.
False
101
Cultures that have _____________ scores on power distance try to minimize inequalities between individuals, while cultures that have _____________ scores on power distance are filled with hierarchies and rules of conduct for how the less powerful should treat the more powerful.
Low;
| High
102
True or false: For Westerners, who tend to value independence, “leading” means talking, being unique, and getting excited.
True
103
Experiencing the self as stable across situations and across the lifespan is more associated with people and cultures with a(n) _________ view of self.
Independent
104
True or false: Firms with more diverse executives have lower earnings, market value, return on assets, and sales.
False
105
__________ cultures encourage individuals to think in terms of “we” instead of “I.”
Collectivistic
106
Which cultural framework focuses on whether you prioritize fairness and care or loyalty, authority, and sanctity?
Moral foundations theory
107
__________ tend to encourage unique, separate, in-control, independent individuals who are used to making choices.
Middle-class contexts
108
More rock songs contain themes related to _____________, while more country songs contain themes related to _____________.
Independence;
| interdependence
109
_____________ is the process by which people adopt a new cultural system as they move from their country of birth to another country, while _____________ is the process by which people learn the culture they were born into.
Acculturation;
| Enculturation
110
Power distance, collectivism-individualism, femininty-masculinity, and uncertainty avoidance are _____________.
Cultural dimensions
111
True or false: For East Asians, who tend to value interdependence, “leading” means talking, being unique, and getting excited.
False
112
The _____________ strategy is when people who tend to use independence use more interdependence and when people who tend to use interdependence use more independence.
Meet in the middle
113
__________ argued that mind and body are fundamentally distinct—a view referred to as dualism.
Rene Descartes
114
_________ (1832–1920) was a German scientist and the first person to be referred to as a psychologist.
Wilhelm Wundt
115
Influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution, _________ focuses on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment.
Functionalism
116
________ theory focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious and early childhood experiences. This perspective dominated clinical psychology for several decades.
Psychoanalytic
117
According to Maslow, the highest-level needs relate to __________, a process by which we achieve our full potential.
Self-actualization
118
_________ is an area of psychology that focuses on understanding how people learn, measuring aptitude and achievement, and related topics.
Educational psychology
119
__________ psychologists are interested in helping individuals achieve better health through public policy, education, intervention, and research.
Health
120
True or false: Part of a forensic psychologist’s job often includes appearing as an expert witness in a criminal trial.
True
121
True or false: Sigmund Freud gathered scientific evidence to support his claims.
False
122
_____________ categorization is based on the similarity of items and is characteristic of analytic systems of thought.
Taxonomic
123
_____________ is the idea that the thoughts, emotions, and behaviors of bicultural (or multicultural) individuals are a unique combination of their cultural backgrounds.
Blending
124
__________ focuses on how cultures solve the problem of social inequality or the relationship between more and less powerful members of society.
Power distance
125
____________ tend to encourage similarity, connectedness, accommodation, interdependence, and the ability to cope with not getting what one chooses.
Working-class contexts
126
True or false: The more education Americans have, the less they participate in formal religious organizations.
True
127
_____________ tend to use their independent self, while _____________ tend to use interdependent self.
Men;
| Women
128
_____________ focuses on how cultures deal with problems of balancing the past, present, and future.
Long term orientation
129
The saying “The squeaky wheel gets the grease” is more common in the __________.
West
130
True or false: Low self-consistency, or experiencing the self as somewhat fluid across situations, is more associated with people and cultures with an interdependent view of self.
True
