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Psych 275 > Midterm 1: Chapters 1-5 > Flashcards

Midterm 1: Chapters 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

6 Divisions of Biopsychology

A
  1. Physiological psychology
  2. Psychopharmacology
  3. Neuropsychology
  4. Psychophysiology
  5. Comparative Psychology
  6. Cognitive Neuroscience
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2
Q

What is Physiological Psychology?

A

studies the mechanisms of behaviour through direct manipulation

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3
Q

What is Psychopharmacology?

A

focuses on the manipulation of neural activity and behaviour with drugs

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4
Q

What is Neuropsychology?

A

studies the psychological effects if brain damage in humans

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5
Q

What is Comparative Psychology?

A

compare the behaviour of different species in order to understand the evolution, genetics, and adaptability of behaviour

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6
Q

What is Cogntive Neuroscinece

A

study of neural basis of cognition – thought, memory, attention, complex high level processes

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7
Q

What are 2 types of Bio psych research?

A

Human vs nonhuman

Experimental vs Non-Experimental

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8
Q

What are the 3 R’s

A

Reduction: reduce the animals being used

Refinement: refine the way experiments are done so that the animals are cared for

Replacement: replace experiments on animals with alternative techniques

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9
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the Vertebrate Nervous system?

A

Central Nervous system (brain and spinal chord)

Peripheral Nervous system
autonomic and somatic

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10
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous system responsible for ?

A

Physiological responses

  • sympathetic (fight or flight)
  • Parasympathetic (rest and digest)
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11
Q

What is the Somatic Nervous system responsible for?

A

Interacts with the external environment

-composed of afferent and efferent nerves

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12
Q

What are Afferent nerves?

A

carry sensory signals from the skin, skeletal, muscles, joints, eyes, ears etc. to the central nervous system

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13
Q

What are Efferent Nerves?

A

Carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscles

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14
Q

What does Contralateral Mean?

A

the left hemisphere of the brain sends and receives information from the right side of the body and vice versa

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15
Q

What does Ipsilateral Mean?

A

right side of the brain controls the right side of the body

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16
Q

What percentage of blood flow from the heart goes to the brain?

A

20% of blood flow from the heart goes to the brain

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17
Q

What is Blood-Brain Barrier

A

the mechanism that impedes the passage of toxic substances from the blood into the brain

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18
Q

What are Meninges?

A
  • protective layers around brain
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid Membrane
  • Subarachnoid space
  • Pia mater
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19
Q

Describe Dura mater

A

the outermost layer (very tough)

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20
Q

Describe Arachnoid Membrane

A

second most outer layer spider-web-like membrane

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21
Q

Describe Subarachnoid Space

A

beneath the arachnoid membrane, contains many large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid

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22
Q

Describe Pia mater

A

the innermost layer, adheres to the surface of CNS

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23
Q

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid and where is it?

A

protects the central nervous system, fills the subarachnoid spaces, the central canal of the spinal chord, and the cerebral ventricles of the brain
- supports and cushions the brain

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24
Q

What is the function of Choroid Plexus?

A
  • produces cerebral spinal fluid continuously in the lateral ventricles
  • part of the ventricular system
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25
Which 2 -cephalons does the forebrain contain?
Telencephalon and Diencephalon
26
What parts of the brain does the Telencephalon contain?
cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system (emotions)
27
What parts of the brain does the Dienchephalone contain?
Thalamus (sensory relay center) and the hypothalamus
28
What 3 -cephalons does the midbrain and hindbrain contain?
Mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon
29
What does the Mesencaphalone contain ?
Tectum and tegmentum
30
What is the tectum?
the roof/ dorsal surface of the midbrain | -composed of two pairs of bumps: colliculi
31
What is the tegmentum?
contains 3 colourful structures of interests to biopsychologists: 1. periaqueductal gray 2. substantia nigra 3. red nucleus
32
What does the Metencephalon contain?
- cerebellum (movement, coordination, balance) | - pons
33
What does the Myelencephalon contain?
Medulla oblongata (heart rate, breathing)
34
What does the Telencephalon contain?
the cerebral cortex
35
What are the 4 lobes of the Cerebral Cortex, and what are their main functions?
- Occipital lobe: vision - Partietal lobe: sensory integration, attention, visuomotor transformations - Temporal Lobe: auditory, memory, language, high-level visual processing - Frontal Lobe: motor output planning, problem-solving, complex social behaviour
36
What does the Limbic system include?
Cingulate cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, formic, septum and mammillary body
37
What is the function of the amygdala?
important for emotion and fear responses
38
What is the function of the Hippocampus?
critical for forming new memories (spatial memory)
39
What is the main function of the Thalamus?
the sensory relay centre
40
What is the main function of the Hypothalamus? | and how does it do this?
Controls automatic system and the endocrine system -controls the 4 F's: fighting, fleeing, feeding, and fucking -- also sleeping - nuclei in the hypothalamus send signals down to the pituitary gland to control the secretion of a variety of key hormones for controlling the functions of the internal organs of the body
41
What does the Midbrain do?
- alerts the brain - regulates consciousness - decense, aggression or reduction - influence motor control and cognition
42
What plays a role in the sleep cycle?
Medulla and Pons
43
What is independent -- and processes various reflexes without brain input
Spinal cord
44
What is the main function of the Spinal cord ?
distribute motor information to the appropriate muscles for motor production - collects somatosensory information and send it to the brain
45
what are 2 neuroanatomical Techniques?
Golgi Stain and Nissl stain
46
Describe the Golgi Stain
silver chromate is taken up by some neurons, dying them black allows scientists to view the shapes of different neurons
47
Describe Nissl Stain
uses cresol violet that allows cell bodies to be stained allows anatomists to do cell counts in a given area
48
What is Potential in a cell? and how is it measured ?
stored up energy (electrical energy) measured by placing an electrode inside the axon and one outside
49
what is the resting potential of a cell ?
-70 mV
50
What does it mean for a cell to be Polarized?
It is at rest
51
What does it mean for a cell to be Depolarized ?
if the charge is in the positives
52
What does it mean if the cell is hyperpolarized ?
It means the charge is below -70 (roughly -80 mV)
53
what does electrostatic pressure mean?
particles with the same charge will repel whereas particles with opposite charged attract one another
54
What is Orthodromic conduction?
conduction of an action potential from the cell body along the axon to the terminal button (the normal direction)
55
Antidromic Conduction
if sufficient electrical stimulation is applied at the terminal button, an action potential can be triggered travelling backwards up he axon toward the cell body
56
what do Ionotropic Receptors contain?
contain activated ion channels
57
What are Metabotropic Receptors?
receptors associated with signal proteins and G-proteins
58
what is a G-protein?
a protein that conveys messages to other molecules when activated
59
what are Autoreceptors?
receptors on the presynaptic side that monitor and control much of the neurotransmitters that are released
60
What are 7 of the main Neurotransmitters?
``` Serotonin dopamine acetylcholine anandimide norepinephrine GABA Glutamte ```
61
what is serotonin used for?
mood and temp regulation, aggression and sleep cycles
62
what is dopamine used for?
Motor function and reward
63
what is acetylcholine used for
muscle contraction, cortical arousal
64
what is Anandimide used for?
pain reduction, increase in appetite
65
what is Norepinepherine used for?
brain arousal and other functions, liike mood, hunger, and sleep
66
what is GABAs main function?
main inhibitory neurotransmitter
67
What is Glutamate Used for?
main excitatory neurotransmitter, participates in relay sensory information and learning
68
what are the 3 classes of small-molecule neurotransmitters? what is the bonus 4th class?
amino acids, monoamines, and acetylcholine unconventional neurotransmitters
69
what neurotransmitters are considered amino acids?
Glutamte, GABA
70
Which Neurotransmitters are Monoamines?
Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine | serotonin
71
What is associated with low Serotonin levels?
mood and anxiety disorders
72
What makes Unconventional neurotransmitters unconventional? | what is the con of studying these?
they do not bind to receptor sites they are produced in the neuron's cytoplasm hard to study because they only exist for a few seconds
73
Name the 5 Neuropeptides
``` Pituitary peptides hypothalamic peptides brain-gut peptides opioid peptides miscellaneous peptides ```
74
what are two ways Drugs influence neurotransmitters?
Agnostic: facilitates the effects of a neurotransmitter Antagonist: interferes with the effect of a neurotransmitter
75
If a patient has positive symptoms of schizophrenia, what type of drug will help these symptoms? Hint: patients with schizophrenia have too much dopamine
drugs that are dopamine antagonists
76
If a patient has parkinsons disease what type of drug will help? Hint: patients with parkinsons do not have enough dopamine
drugs that are dopamine agnostics
77
What does caffeine do to GABA receptors? explain how it works
acts as an antagonist to the neurotransmitter adenosine adenosine builds up during the day resulting in sleepiness, caffeine blocks the build up so you feel more awake
78
what is Spatial summation
the integration signals that originate at different sites on the neurons membrane to form greater EPSP and IPSP, if EPSP and IPSP fire at the same time they cancel each other out
79
Describe Computerized Axial Tomography (CT Scan)
- Uses Xrays from different angles, and the tissues absorb different amounts of X-rays - creates 8-9 2d images are created to make a full 3D Image
80
What are pros and cons of the CT scan?
Pros: cheap, fast, and can identify lesions, tumours Cons: Images are only on a horizontal plane and its low resolution
81
Describe Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
measures radio-frequency waves that hydrogen atoms emit as they align with the magnetic field
82
What are Pros and Cons of MRI's
pros: non-invasive (no X-rays), anyone can do it (kids), high-resolution 3D images, can look at the brain from sagittal, frontal, and horizontal angles Cons: expensive, cannot have metal in your body, doesn't show timing information or connectivity of the network, limited availability to scientists
83
Describe Audiography
animal is injected with radioactive 2dg, the areas that are active used more 2dg, the animal is then euthanized and the brain is treated in a solution, the brain is then sliced and stored in developed like films
84
Describe Functional MRI (fMRI)
produces images representing the increase in oxygenated blood flow to active areas of the brain
85
Describe Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
it is a form of MRI Measurement of the restricted diffusion of water in order to produce neural tract images
86
What are 3 versions of fixation sectioning?
perfusion fixation sectioning
87
What is perfusion?
the blood is removed from the vessels and replaces by the saline solution
88
What is Fixation?
the brain is placed in a fixative which hardens and preserves the tissue
89
What is sectioning?
slicing the brain into sections for further examination
90
Describe Electroencaphalographic Recording (EEG)
macro electrodes placed at different position of the scalp, measures activity of many neurons in an area - can reveal different states of consciousness
91
Describe Magnetoencelography (MEG)
Measures the magnetic properties of action potentials -expensive
92
Describe Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
magnetic pulse is used to temporarily disrupt neural firing in the cortex -can draw causality

Psych 275 (2 decks)

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