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general biology 1 > Midterm 1 (chapters 1-6) > Flashcards

Midterm 1 (chapters 1-6) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 fundamental characteristics of life?

A

Energy, genetic information, cells, replication, evolution

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2
Q

What are the three main theories in biology?

A

evolution, chromosomal theory, cell theory

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3
Q

What is the cell theory? Who is associated with it?

A

Dr. Virchow; all organisms are made of cells & cells come from pre-existing cells

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4
Q

What is the theory of evolution? Who is associated with it?

A

Darwin; species are related by common ancestors. species characteristics modified from generation to generation.

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5
Q

What is the chromosomal theory? Who is associated with it?

A

Sutton & Boveri; hereditary information is encoded in genes found in chromosomes (your traits come from your parents)

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6
Q

What is the order of the central dogma of molecular biology? (DNA to traits)

A

DNA -> mRNA -> proteins

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7
Q

What did Dr. Woese do?

A

created phylogeny= evolutionary relationships between species (he compared RNA relatedness between organisms to create a phylogenetic tree), & he defined the 3 domains of life= bacteria, eukaryote & archaea

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8
Q

What are the common elements of life?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen

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9
Q

What is the structure of an atom

A

protons & neutrons in nucleus, electrons on the shells

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10
Q

What is a proton?

A

has a positive charge, located in nucleus, & it’s the atomic number which doesn’t change

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11
Q

What’s an electron?

A

has a negative charge, located on the shells, elements need to be stable so they will share / gain or lose electrons to reach the octet rule (8 in valence shell, 1st shell only needs 2 electrons)

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12
Q

What is the valence shell? What is the valence number?

A

Valence shell= outermost shell & Valence number= number of unpaired electrons in the valence shell

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13
Q

What are the 3 kinds of bonds?

A

covalent, ionic, hydrogen

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14
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

forms when atoms share electrons in order to satisfy the octet rule (if carbon has 4 electrons, and hydrogen has 4 electrons = methane)

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15
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

forms when atoms are held together by the attraction between the opposite charge (ex: sodium chloride: chloride has 7 electrons (slightly negative bc gained an electron), sodium has 1 electron (slightly positive bc one electron lost) -> table salt)

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16
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

caused by polar covalent bonds if those partical charges are opposite

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17
Q

What is the difference between polar & non-polar?

A

polar has a charge & nonpolar doesn’t have a charge

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18
Q

What is the difference between hydrophobic & hydrophillic?

A

hydrophobic= has a charge (polar), water soluble, lipophobic (doesn’t like lipids)
hydrophillic= no charge (non-polar) , doesn’t like water (bc no charge), lipophilic (likes lipids)
ex: water (polar) + oil (non-polar) = doesn’t mix because oil is hydrophillic

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19
Q

What are the properties of water?

A

water can be used as a solvent (the ability to dissolve other substances in a solution), 75% of a typical cell volume is water. Solid water is less dense so it can float on water. Life thrives with water.

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20
Q

What is the difference between cohesion & adhesion?

A

Cohesion= water is attracted to water (other hydrogen bonds)
Adhesion= water is attracted to other charged/polar molecules

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21
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

Formula: O>N>S=C=H=P
when shared electrons in a bond are pulled towards the nucleus

22
Q

What chemical reaction puts all 4 of the macromolecules together?

A

dehydration/condensation

23
Q

What chemical reaction separates all 4 macromolecules?

A

hydrolysis (water is added to break poly into mono)

24
Q

What is the basic chemical structure of an amino acid?

A

an amino group, central carbon, hydrogen, carboxyl group, r-group (only thing that changes between all the amino acids)

25
What are the 4 levels of protein structure?
primary= sequence of amino acids secondary= what’s in common with the amino acids (the backbone) teritary= the r-group quaternary= proteins binding to other proteins (like hemoglobin)
26
What is sickle cell?
changes the 6th amino acid to valence (unable to hold oxygen)
27
What are the 4 groups of amino acids?
polar, non-polar, positive charge, negative charge
28
What is a non-polar amino acid?
all have non-polar covalent bonds (hydrophobic), no presence of oxygen (O) or nitrogen (N) b/c they are electronegative
29
What is a polar amino acid?
hydrophilic, has electronegative elements like oxygen & nitrogen so it has a partial charge
30
What is a negatively charged amino acid?
has a negative charge (can see it on diagram)
31
What is a positively charged amino acid?
has a positive charge (can see it on diagram)
32
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
nitrogenous base (A,T,G,C) + sugar (glucose) + phosphate group
33
What are pyrimidines? Purines?
pyrimidine= cytosine & thymine purines= adenine & guanine
34
Which nucleotides bind together?
A+T G+C
35
What are the differences between RNA & DNA?
1. DNA is a double stranded helix (constant in structure) & RNA is single stranded so it can fold over to create different structures 2. DNA has thymine (A+T) while RNA has uracil (A+U) 3. DNA has deoxyribose which has an absence of one oxygen molecule & RNA has ribose which has that extra oxygen molecule thats why DNA is called deoxyribonucleic acid & RNA is called ribonucleic acid 4. DNA just carries genetic traits while RNA is multifunctional (can be an enzyme)
36
What did Watson & Crick do?
they took what Chargaff & Franklin discovered, and found that DNA is an anti-parallel double-stranded helix
37
What does DNA replication achieve?
reproduction of cells, creates proteins which determine physical traits
38
What is a monosaccharide? Disaccharide? Polysaccharide?
mono= 1 sugar di= 2 sugars poly= multi-sugars
39
What are the 3 main monosaccharides?
glucose, fructose, galactose
40
What are the 3 main disachharides?
sucrose= glucose + fructose lactose= glucose + galactose maltose= glucose + glucose
41
What are the 5 main polysaccharides?
starch= stores energy in plants glycogen= stores glucose energy in animals/humans cellulose= support for plants chitin= support for insects & crustaceans (in their exoskeletons) peptidogylcan= support for bacteria
42
What are the covalent bonds called in all 4 macromolecules?
amino acids= peptide bonds dna= phosphodiester bonds carbohydrates= glycolistic linkage lipids= ester linkage
43
What are healthy fats vs unhealthy fats?
saturated fats= unhealthy unsaturated fats= healthy
44
What are saturated fats?
- straight & closely packed - unhealthy - solid at room temp - blocks arteries & stays solid in the bloodstream can lead to heart attack or stroke
45
What are unsaturated fats?
- has a kink to it - liquid at room temp - healthy
46
What is a lipid? What is a phospholipid?
Lipid= 3 fatty acids + glycerol Phospholipid= has a hydrophilic head (phosphate & glycerol), 3 fatty acids (saturated and/or unsaturated) [hydrophobic tail]
47
What is the layers of lipids?
extracellular space= hydrophilic head phospholipid bilayer= 2 layers of phospholipids w hydrophobic interior & hydrophilic exterior cytoplasm= hydrophilic head
48
What are the characteristics of the phospholipid bilayer?
-it has selective permeability, allows certain things into our cells -high selective permeability= gases (CO2 & N2) -low selective permeability= ion with a charge to it (bc the tails are hydrophobic so it has no charge to it so it won’t allow charged ions in) -its affected by the temperature -increase= more fluidity / movement -decrease= less movement -> freezes
49
What is diffusion?
the random movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium (equal concentration) is reached [doesn’t need energy]; can’t happen with every molecule
50
What is osmosis & tonicity?
osmosis= diffusion of water across semipermable membrane tonicity= determines the direction in which osmosis occurs
51
The effects of hypertonic, hypotonic & isotonic solutions
water moves from hypotonic to hypertonic or from high to low. water follow the ion concentration between the membrane. while others follow its own concentration. hypertonic= a solution with greater solute concentration than that in another solution hypotonic= a solution with lower solute concentration than that in another solution isotonic= a solution with same solute concentration than that in another solution

general biology 1 (3 decks)

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