Midterm 1 - History of Creativity Flashcards
1
Q
Creativity is the thinking and doing (innovation) that brings…
A
Valuable, intentional, novel, and excellent ideas to fruition
It must be more than an idea (you have to have DONE something)
2
Q
in order for something to be creative, it must be a VINE
A
V - Valuable
- this must contribue to someone more than you (e.g., society)
- Big C, Little C conept = the big C changes an area of expertise (domain of knowledge)
I - intentional
- You must intentionally be doing something to produce it, not just stumble upon it; however, you can still have some luck
N - novel
- New or unusual in an interesting way
- It may not be totally new; maybe it’s a new way you use something
E - excellent
- FULL EXTENT – to excel, everything must be taken to the full extent and well executed.
3
Q
Two types of thinking
A
- Linear
- learning an instrument
- putting potatoes and meat in a crockpot
- Lateral (creative)
- writing a song
- putting new spices in to make it smell great
4
Q
Creativity in falling and rising societies
A
As societies rise and become great, they are flexible and creative
Socieities that are disintegrating show uniformity and lack of inventiveness
5
Q
Throughout this class, how did power transfer as we moved along, starting with the Catholics? (societal changes)
A
It went from Cathlics (religion) to the Royal Nobility (mode of government) and then to everyone else (social and economic equality)
6
Q
Explain in three sentences what the Renaissance is
A
- The Renaissance, meaning rebirth, is a time period in which there was a rebirth of Greek and Roman art, ideas, and way of life
- The Renaissance people, however, did not completely copy Romand and Greek ideas, they took those ideas and added their owns “twists” to them (different feel)
- Well know was the idea of Renaissance Humansism which puts man as God’s highest creation. Because of this, man’s logic and reason was praised instead of silenced (through the church, who taught that if you asked too many questions, you weren’t trusting God)
7
Q
Time period of REn
A
1400 - 1550
8
Q
What 5 things causes the Renaissance?
A
- Rise of cities
- Fall of Constantinople to Muslims mean that Christian scholars would move to Italy (with all their intelect)
- Education & Literacy more common
- Desire of Italians to recapture Rome
- Competition - who had the best city
9
Q
How did rise of cities and classical learning lead to the REN?
A
- Rise of cities meant more rich people who were not noble, and the rise of cities brought new middle class of merchants and shopkeepers. These wealthy merchants (the MED family) were helpful because…
- Their money wasn’t in land–they could spend more easily
- They were rich but still not respected. So many families tried to live like the nobles, building palaces and commissioning talented artists and sculptors things in their homes (merchant fams, along with Catholic church, were patrons for the great REN art)
- they had more free time, which allowed them to study the newly reintroduced classical writings. Because they loved the classics, they allowed art to break out of its mideval forms. They also learned of Roman heritage and wanted to own it
10
Q
How did the fall of Constantinople cause the REN?
A
This was the fall of the Byzantine empire (which was the center for trade, military power, Christianity, and the culture of the ancient Roman and Greek past, which was taught in schools). By 1400, all that remained in this empire was the city of Constantinople (Muslims were becoming more powerful). It eventually fell, but in the decades before, many scholars left for other Christian lands, bringing their books with them to Europe.
Many went to Italy because of the good economy, which could pay them well as teachers
11
Q
How did education/literacy and Competition cause the REN?
A
- Johannes Gutenberg!!! (1450s). About 50% of the printing businesses (after Gutenberg) were in Italy. This increased a demand for classical textbooks.
- A demand for books also came about because of growth in universities, due in part from a desire of the now-wealthier middle class to education their children
- Travel & Trade were getting bigger, which brought with it the flow of new ideas. Also, people began seeing each others’ cities, and everyone wanted their city to be the richest, most important, and most beautiful (Florence beat everyone else) (competition)
12
Q
What is this cathedral called? Where is it?
A
- ilduomo
- Florence
13
Q
The competition to put RENAISSANCE doors on the Florentile Cathedral was between what two great artists? tell about each one
A
- Lorenzo Ghiberti
- Nobody = first big commission
- Willing to work with Brunelleschi
- Filippo Brunelleschi
- Already famous
- Not willing to work with Ghiberti
14
Q
What were the details of the competition to put RENAISSANCE doors on the Florentile Cathedral ?
A
Brunelleschi was not chosen, left, and told Florence they would regret it. Ghiberti made the baptistry doors. 5 years later he made new doors again, moving is older doors to the north side of the baptistry. The main doors (facing the Cathedral) were the EAST doors. Ghiberti won the competition as well for the second time
15
Q
Why were the doors on the ilduomo’s baptistry important for REN?
A
They portrayed geometry, squareness
16
Q
What did Michaelangelo call Ghiberti’s newer version of art, on the east doors of the ilduomo’s baptisry?
A
GATES OF PARADISE
17
Q
What is the history of the Medici family?
A
- Pre-Renaissance, they were doctors (medicine in last name)
- Then they got into the wool trade
- Near Renassance, became bankers (and eventually the bankers for the pope)
They were not afraid to take risks, jumping into all sorts of different professions! (creativity)
18
Q
Who was Cosimo de Medici’s grandson?
A
Lorenzo de Medici (the magnificent). He loved the arts, supporting Michealangelo personally. He wanted his city to be THE BEST!
19
Q
Why did Brunelleschi eventuall come back to Florence from Rome? What advantages did he bring with him?
A
There was a new competition for the ilduomo’s dome. He had studied Roman architecture in Rome.
20
Q
How did Brunelleschi build the dome of the il Duomo? How did he come up with this idea? What type of thinking was he using?
A
Built a smaller dome inside to hold up the outter dome. Kind of cheating, but nobody cared.
Sketches show that this idea came from his clock-making experiences
This type of thinking could be called lateral thinking, combined with his linear thinking from the Romans
It wasn’t about size, but classical beauty
21
Q
Brunelleschi and math. How did this even come about?
A
He figured out the math behind linear perspective in art (vanishing points, etc.)! He had the talent and the math.
The reintroduction of Greek and Roman math books helped him to better understand geometry, and he nailed down what was pleasent to the eye!
It was demonstrated in the baptistry at Florence
22
Q
The il Duomo was the model for which domes?
A
- St. Peters (Rome)
- St. Pauls (London)
- US Capitol
23
Q
Who was the Medici’s rival family?
A
Pazzi Family
24
Q
Who struck a deal to remove the Medici family from Florence? What was the deal?
A
The Pope and the Pazzi family. The pope would forgive the Pazzi family for whatever they had to do
25
Explain the Pope and Pazzi's plan and what happened
* On easter Sunday, in the Florence Cathedral, Lorenzo and his family were sitting there.
* The priest pulls out a knife instead the bread and trys to kill them. Lorenzo survives the attackts and gets away
* Lorenzo tells everyone that it was the Pazzi family.
* The Pope, also, gets found out
26
How did the Medici family lose power?
1. Lorezo died, and his son took over for a little bit
2. Savanarola preached against the Medici family, and the people supported Savanarola -- **the Medici family was exiled from Florence**
**Savanarola became new leader of Florence (**he lived during Lorenzo's son's time)
27
Describle Savanarola's dictatorship
* He HATED the Renaissance, and tried to get rid of humansim
* Religious dictatorship
* He had gangs that gathered pagan art, books, etc. and **burned them**
* Soon became fanatical
* no jewelry
* burning all sorts of things
28
How did Savanarola "do himself in?"
He accused the pope of corruption, and the pope excommunicated him. The people didn't like him much either; he was too strick.
With the excommunication, the people now had an excuse to get rid of him. They bured him at the stake
**Some say that this burning saved the Renaissance**
29
Did the Medici family come back after Savanarola? Who rose to power?
No, Florence formed a republic,
and Machiavelli rose to power
30
Machiavelli's background
He worked for the Medici family and for Savanarola; however, he got out of that mess before they executed Savanarola.
He was not an elected official. He was a behind-the-scenes **power broker**, selling information that he would hear. For example, he knew who everyone was voting for and, therefore, knew who needed to be swayed.
31
When the Medici family comes back, what do they do with Machiavelli? What did he do after he was exiled?
He is exiled from Florence.
He wrote a book on how to be a good price (ruler). he did this to try to gain favor with the MED family in order to get back into the city, but then, when the republic came back (and drove the MED family out, MACH was also hated by the republic for appearing to side with the MED; thus, he was hated by both sides (the MED and the republic)
32
What was Machiavello's book called? Whom was it written for?
1. "The Prince"
2. Written for the Medici family on how to be a "good" ruler
3. First modern **political science**
33
What was the main idea of Machiavelli's book? Why did he think this was good ruling?
"all decisions and considerations--moral, ethical, and religious--are secondary to the goal of stable government
* you can violate christian values when that needs to be done to maintain stability
* "he holds to what is right when he can but knows how to do wrong when he must"
He wanted to rule like the Romans---without ethics
34
Machiavelli was the first \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
***_Realist_***, NOT idealist---he told you, in a real sense, what it took to stay in power
35
According the Machiavelli, what was the role of government?
1. Maintain atmosphere of safety
2. Protect rights
3. Punish criminals
4. Provide basic services
IN OTHER WORDS.... **stabailize! (**the worst conditions of a government is _chaos_)
36
What were Machiavelli's suggestions for the Price and his duties?
1. •Maintain stability
2. •Manage change
3. •Use virtue as required
4. •Be liberal or stingy as required for the moment
5. •Be loved and feared, but favor being feared
6. •Realize that the end will justify the means
37
What does it mean for the Prince to "maintain stability?" Why do we need it?
Primary role of the leader is to stabalize!
38
How should a prince manage change?
Chaos comes from change
For example: a dynastic change, when a king doesn't have a son; that's recipie for chaos. Revolution and war often happend when there was no clear ruler
•Therefore: To maintain stability and to minimize change, the prince has a duty to remain in power
39
How can the Prince prepare to be non-virtuous (criminals)
The prince must learn to do things that normal citizens cannot do. Why? They must sometimes act this way to enforce behavior
Therefore, a prince (the government)
must occasionally act to enforce behavior
that citizens could not do, that is,
be non-virtuous (if done as a citizen).
Therefore if a prince wants to maintain his rule he must learn how not to be virtuous, and to make use of this or not according to need.
40
How is a Prince to be liberal OR stingy as requires for the moment, while favoring to keep wealth?
Don't be generous!
*_Example--Tuition_*: our teacher to pay full tuition **for a few** of the students. The next semester these students will have to pay tutition again and be upset that you didn't pay it. Also, others will be jealous
41
How can a Prince use proper fear?
Be loved and feared, but favor being feared
"because to be feared and not to be hated can well be combined"
***Example:*** teacher kills husband in couple. It's hard to be loved, but we should try not to be hated -- so escape hatred by letting her sons inheret the land they have, etc. The mother may never love the prince, but she may not hate him either
42
Why must princes understand that the end will justify the means?
"Wherefore if a Prince succeeds in establishing and maintaining his authority, the means will always be judged honorable and be approved by every one"
•To prevent overthrow and chaos, can the government take extraordinary actions?
* Abraham Lincoln put people in jail w/o trial to suspend habeus corpus
If the prince stays in power and provides order, VERY FEW of people will care **how** he does it. You will turn a blind eye, if your life is stable (govt looking at everyone's FB -- I have never been confronted, so I'm ok)
43
How did Machiavelli give up the idea of morals?
Sometimes you don't do what is morally right, if doing so was good for the **continuity of the power of the prince** (state) because the continued power of the state led to **stability for the people.**
44
Machiavelli was the first to openly advocate \_\_\_\_\_\_
a realpolitik view, rather than an idealistic political philosophy. First realistic look at politics how they really are, not how they should be
45
What is Machiavelli's plan similar to Satan's plan?
1. Is the end a good ending? Or is it just stable?
2. What checks are there on the man in power?
3. Moral relativism -- you can do bad things, if it helps keep things stable
4. We are essentially trading individual freedom (agency) for security/stability
46
Early REN Art Characteristics
1. Early REN
1. Realism -- attempt to show the world as it is. The baby Jesus is painted to be a baby. Mary is the same size as all other non-holy pepole
2. Emotion -- on faces and in body language (uncommon in middle ages)
3. Perspective -- linear perspective
4. Classical / Page themes (non-Christian themed art, more focused on Greeks and Roman style) (and nudity)
2. Developed by Leonardo Da Vincci (later REN)
1. Triangular arrangement of figures (where you eye will naturally be drawn to), what you want to focus on
2. Light and shadowing (chiarsocuro) - try to reflect accurate usage of light, showing shadows (not everything is equally lit)
3. Softening of edges (sfumato) -- smokey or haziness (make distant things look hazy and skin tone, to give it a sense of depth)
4. Backgrounds - actually put things in the backgrounds (buildings, mountains, trees, archways, greek-looking temples, etc.)
5. Artists able to live from commissions (can't see in the painting) -
1. (these artists made a living doing art. In the middle ages, this was a side thing--they were usually monks)
47
What two famous piece did Alessandro Botticelli do?
Birth of Venus
(very similar to old Venus, attesting to the strong classical influence typically shown in his works
Primavera
GREEK fertility ceremony (want to get pregnant)
Dancing in trees in spring (with new life) hoping they'll get Prego
**very disturbing to Savanarola**
48
Who are the 4 Ninja Turtles?
1. Donatello
2. Leonardo
3. Michaelangelo
4. Raphael
49
What three pieces did Donatella do, that we talked about in class?
1. Saint George
2. David -- very feminine / **first nude**
3. Mary Magdalene
1. Sinful woman -- caught her in moment of repentance (physical exterior shows interior --- ahead of its time)
Realistic art and attempt to involve the viewer = characteristics of REN art
## Footnote
**first important ren sculptures**
50
Who was known as the Renaissance man? Why?
Leonardo da Vinci -- he was the bridge between early and high ren
51
Education in Da Vinci's time
he had a broad-based education in many areas (it was much less compartmentalized). In their world, there weren't many distinctions between disciplines.
He wanted to understand anatomy so that he could better paint the body
If you asked him what he did for a living, he probably would have said that he was an inventor, etc. (he did things besides art, and we know that because of notebooks)
52
What do we know about Da Vinci's notebooks?
1. Whenever he had an idea, he's right it down or sketch it out (many things weren't built by him, but others have tried to build it)
53
Why did Da Vinci write his notebooks in Mirror writing (from right to left) -- even the letters
Not sure. What it
* code?
* left handed?
* rare eye disorder?
54
According to Da Vinci, what is the **highest form of art?**
Painting
55
What types of things did he have in his notebook?
Sketches of...
* bikes
* helicopters
* armored tanks
* multiple fire weapons, etc.
**most creative man ever!**
56
How would Leonardo learn about anatomy? Why?
He would steal dead bodies from the cemetery (this was illegal and against the church's teachings). He only dug up criminals. Some evidence that city of Florence knew this was happening.
This was done, largely, to support his art
57
How did Da Vinci describe the human face?
He used over 800 words to describe the mathematical ratio to the **perfect face** (this is very GREEK!)
58
Who painted Madonna on the Rocks? Where was it painted?
Da Vinci - Florence
59
Why was Modonna on the Rocks important in Da Vinci's works?
It was the first time in which he introduced many of the REN art characteristics, including making a commission:
This was commissioned by a local group of monks (they paid in advance). When he was 90% complete with it, another man came in his studio and saw it, and he wanted to buy it (he was willing to pay double). Then DV agreed, and before he gave it to the monks, he made a copy for the other guy (two original copies with minor differences
60
Who was the first artist who painted of his own volition? (didn't need a sponsor)
Da Vinci
61
Where did Leonardo paint the LAST SUPPER
In Milan
Mona Lisa was back in Florence (2nd trip)
62
What is the famous bombing story of the last supper?
This painting has been through a lot -- the building was bombed and this was one of the only walls that was preserved (WWII)
This also looked similar to the priest's eating room -- felt like they were eating with Christ
63
Da Vinci invented a new fresco method for which painting? Did it work?
New Fresco method = plaster on the wall. DV invented his own technique with a new kind of plaster. he tested it out with this painting -- it peeled off the wall before he even died
Poor quality is due to a new fresco method = he figured it out while painting, but it was too late to start over
64
What is unique about the Mona Lisa in REN art?
It is one of the few painting that incorporates ***_ALL_*** the traints of Renaissance art (other than nudity)
* emotion (smile) -- She wouldn't smile, so he hired a jester to come make her laugh -- he finally captured her smile (wife of a local official)
* Sfumato - on skin and background (good use of this! meaning Smokey)
* Chiaroscuro (light coming from upper left) - good lighting as well!
* Realism (real woman)
* Pagan things (it's not Christian or a bible scene)
* (very thin eyebrows)
65
Give a brief background about Michelangelo
* Son of a stonecutter
* Lived in the Medici home as a young man -- he was sponsored by them
* He suppored Savanarola, but b/c of his crazy reign, he left to Rome
66
Did Michaelangelo think of himself as an artist or a sculptor?
Sculptor (unlike Da Vinci). Michaelangelo thought this was the HIGHEST form of art
67
Describes Michaelangelo's creativity in connection with The David?
He envisioned works in his mind...
“In every block of marble I see a statue as plain
as though it stood before me,
shaped and perfect in attitude and action.
I have only to hew away the rough walls that
imprison the lovely apparition to reveal it to the
other eyes as mine see it.”
68
What is a Pieta
is a subject in Christian art depicting the Virgin Mary cradling the dead body of Jesus, ususally a sculpture
69
Who commissioned MICH to make the Pieta?
A Catholic Cardinal
70
Name some amazing things about the Pieta (MICH)
1. CHrist's body looked so soft (even though it was made out of rock!)
2. Mary's face of both pain and understanding
3. Flowing Robes
71
What is unique about the Pieta sulpture, from all of Michaelangelo's other sculptures? Where is it unique?
* Only signed piece by MICH
* Signed on Mary's strap
Only signed piece of art by MICH -- the cardinals walking by gave credit to Bermante (so he snuck back into the church and signed it on Mary's strap)
72
The David was originally designed to be placed where? WHy is this significant?
outside of a Cathedral. This is why it is so big (13' tall). The academy museaum was built around it, cause it's so big
73
Interesting facts about The David
* 3 months complete
* Constant shower of wanter to keep dust down and keep him cool
* It represented the struggles with his family
*
74
What makes the David great
* Tension in his neck
* Veins in his hands
* THE EYES! -- you feel like there is a soul in them
75
Michaelangelo and Leonardo were both commissioned to paint two walls of which place in Florence
The town hall (
76
MICH and Leonardo were both commissioned to paint what type of scenes?
Florentine battles
* Leonardo - violence (heroic)
* Michaelangelo - expressed panic
77
Why did MICH and Leonardo never finish their projects together?
* Da Vinci cracked and decided not to fnish --- went to Milan (don't know which he did first)
* Mich then took over, but a few weeks later he left as well
78
The moses was made by whom and commissioned by whom?
Michaelangelo
Commissioned by Pope Julius II (one of 16 that was supposedly commissioned by him)
79
Interesting facts about the Moses
* So real that he tapped it with his hammer and told him to speak
* Other things:
* top half = white
* bottom half = brown (for centuries, it was good luck to kiss the feet of moses)
*
80
What was the main problem with The Moses statue?
His horns!
ancient hebrew had no written vowels. When translated, when he came down the mountain he had KRN (light, or without vowel, horns) - different vowels, so the translators had to made choices (and this was wrong)
* Karnaim = horns
* Koren = light
81
How was the Moses related to the Sistine Chapel
MICh had been commissioned for the moses, but hadn't been paid all the way. He talked with the pope, and he said he'd get paid after he did the sistine chapel
He didn't want to be stuck in ROME, but he also didn't want to leave b/c he wouldn't get paid, if he did
82
What does the sistine chapel depict?
Scenes from the bible, the most famous of which was in the middle --- God touching Adam
83
Why did painting the sistine chapel ruin MICH's eyesight?
It was a fresco, and the paint was dripping off the ceiling into his eyes
84
DId MICH paint the WHOLE sistine chapel?
No, everything below the crown molding is is NOT him
85
He finished the sistine chapel and then the pope wanted him to do what else?q
the back wall of the chapel --- the last judgment
86
WHo did MICh paint in hell on the last judgment?
There was a cardinal who (like Savanarolla) didn't like the REN and the nudity, so he kept publicly attacking MICh about it. This cardinal is painted in hell in the pic
87
Who's skin is being held in the last judgment?
MICH's
88
T or F: MICH was an architect for St. Peters (Rome)
True
89
How much younger was Rafael than MICH? Who did Rafael study as a child?
18 years
He studied both MICH and Da Vinci
90
Rafael is to MICH, what MICH was to \_\_\_\_\_\_
Leonardo
91
When MICH was painting the sistine, what was Raphael painting?
The pope's living room, around the corner
92
Differences in characters between MICh and Raphel
Raphael:
* was outgoing and arrogant and not very religious
* well-mannered
* popular
* almost always used assistants
MICH:
* reclusive
* worked alone
93
MICH said RAphael looked more like a \_\_\_\_\_, and Raph said MICH looked more like a \_\_\_\_\_\_
Prince
Executioner
94
What was the wall that Raphael was working on while MICH was painting the Sistine Chapel?
School of Athens
95
in the school of athens, the main people depicted are all people from which era? What did this mean for the Catholic church?
The pre-christian era. -- The non-christian theme shows the extend to which the classical influence permeated even the Catholic church, the most conservative institution of the REN
96
In the school of Athens, who did Raphael draw and who did he depict them as? Whom did Raphael paint himself as?
* Da Vinci as Plato
* Bramante (architect of st. peters) as Euclid
* MICH as Heraclitus
RAPH also painted himself in the painting, but not as a great thinker of the past
97
Besides the school of athens, what did Raphael love to draw?
Madonnas --- He often carried a sketch pad so that if he saw a woman or child on the street who conveyed maternal love and beauty, he could capture it
98
What type of texture did the middles ages, early REN, and late REN have in music?
1. Monophonic - one melody; everyone sung in unison (church wanted to keep it simple so all could hear and understand mass)
2. Polyphonic - two parts singing together (church thought it was devil music at first)
3. Homophonic - a melody with accompanying harmony chords or melodies
99
What always dominated REN music? Words or instruments?
Words (the music is secondary and very basic)
100
Who Giovanni Palestrina?
He was one of the main musicians of the REN
101
What type of music did Palestrina write?
Polyphonic, but very simple. He wrote many masses for the church.
102
How was Palestrina able to convince the church to allow his polyphonic music?
He was also a good salesman -- when his piece was getting to the edge (when they could ban), he **named it after the pope**
103
Most artists say that Palestrina saved which type of music? And what was Paletrina's nickname on his tomb?
Polyphonic
The Prince of Music
104
What are poems or stories set to music, usually sung with great emotion (often polyphonic)
Madrigals -- it was a secular kind of music in the REN
105
Why did secular music get a lot bigger in the REn?
the REN was also a time when secular music got bigger, especially encouraged by the introduction of new instruments)
106
What is a person who is highly competent in many areas is called ?
A REN man!
107
"What is the relationship between being creative and being a REN man"
**(The combination of** BREADTH and DEPTH leads directly to the concept of creativity
(be at or near the forefront of that area of inquiry)
108
Creativity speaks of breadth and depth learning as what other type of learning?
Linear and lateral -- you can effectively use all your brain!
109
In the protestant reformation, what is being reformed and protested against?
The Catholic Church
110
Wycliff and Tyndale did what where?
They began translating the bible and handing it out in ENgland
111
Who was persecuted for translating the bible into german (living in Bohemia)
Jan Hus
112
When Rome got out of Babylonia captivity (from France to Rome), what did the church use to rebuild Rome?
They sold indulgences, it's really that you're buying some of the saints excess grace (less time in purgertory)
113
Was the rebuild of the Roman empire the first time indulgences happened?
No -- but it was on a much larger scale
114
How did Martin Luther become a devout priest to the Catholic church?
He was returning from a holiday with his parents to go back to school, and he was caught in a lightning storm. He thought he'd die, so he vowed to give his life to God, if he could live --- he actually kept that promise!
115
After his conversion, Martin Luther joined a monastery, and after this where did the monastery send Luther?
To school, because he was so smart -- they wanted to train someone capable. Part of his duties of being a monk was teaching at a university
116
While a professor at university, Luther began truly studying the bible, and he began to have many questions about the Catholic church and how they did things. Where did the church send him when he had these concerned?
Rome
117
What did Luther see while in Rome?
1. Germany money being sent to Rome (***through indulgences***)
2. Power of pope
3. Church subbornness (who checks the power)
118
This person thought He thought that salvation was a gift from God, not something that you could buy
Martin Luther
119
Luther's 95 Theses were about what three things?
1. Indulgences
2. Papal power
3. Who checks churches pwoer
120
What is the myth about the door upon which Luther put his words?
it was portrayed in movies as defiance and the holy act, but it wasn't. the door had many other peoples' opinions on it (kind of like a blog).
121
What got Luther into trouble about 95 theses?
Someone, using the printing press, made pamphlets and distributed them
122
The Church sends Johan Eck to debate abgainst whom? Did the church want others to know about this?
Luther. Who won? We can't really say.
The church wanted them to be well publicized -- but since it was a draw, the publicity from printing just further publicized the debate itself
123
Where is all of the martin luther things happening?
Whose dictatorship is this place under?
Germany
Charles V of the holy Roman empire -- He wanted to show the pope that he could handle this
124
Luther writes letters to the Christian nobility in Germany, and tells them what about accepting his claims?
Luther persuades them through political reasons.
He tells them that even if they disagree on religious terms, they should still support him because by weakening the church, you weaken Italy, which in turn strengthens Germany
125
Charles V invited Luther to a religious trial called \_\_\_\_\_\_. Did Luther want to go initially?
The Diet (one day trial) of Worms. Luther didn't want to go cause he thought he'd get killed, but the church told him he'd be safe
126
What was Luther debating in the deit of worms?
Whether the pope should or should not deviate from the teachings of the bible
127
What was the church's final answer at the diet of worms? How did Luther respond?
It was a draw, but in the end the church said.. we've answered your questions, you need to accept our doctrine or face the consequences .
"I cannot retract and I will not retract." -- you can't just say "cause the Pope said so"
128
Luther was put on trial, excomm, found guilty, but he got arround the death sentence. Why? How?
You need a unanimous vote, and one of the people on the council was not there. Couriously, it was Luther's home price (Fredrick).. Luther was set free
129
How did Luther stay in hiding? Did this person agree with Luther?
he went to his local prince (Frederick), who hid him in his secondary castle.
He agreed politically, but not religiously
130
What did Luther translate while he was in hiding?
The bible into German
131
T or F, Luther married a former nun?
T
132
AFter Luther was safe from hiding (after 2 years), did he go out and preach? What happened?
No, he got married. He just wanted to live his life. HOwever, so many people had left the Catholic church b/c of him, so he needed to do something.
Luther finally established a church (**Lutherin Church),** the first protestant church. it was also a Christian but not a Catholic church
133
Did Luther intend to start a church from all of this?
no, that was never his original intent
134
What was the reformation called in which the Catholics watned to bring back all of the protestants?
The Counter Reformation
135
What 4 things did the catholic church do as a part of the counter reformation?
1. Jesuits -- intellectual missionaries to re-convert. (failed in Germany)
2. Inquisitions (like Jesuits) -- priests when to Catholic areas to make sure they were doing alright.
3. Baroque Art = dramatic and impressive (they understood the glories of God)
4. Council of Trent - church admitted to corruption, but they didn't think they needed to change any doctrine
136
Who are the two guys that (for the most part) agreed with Luther?
1. Ulrich Zqingly
2. John Calvin
137
Ulrich disagreeed with Luther on which two points?
1. tie between religion and state
2. Transubstantiation -- when take bread and wine and it literally changes to become Christ's body and blood
138
When Luther didn't want to continue preaching, who became the main missionary? Did he set up a school of protestant ministers?
John Calvin
139
On what main point did Luther and Calvin disagree on? How do we know this?
Presbyterianism (mening bishop); however, they don't disagree on DOCTRINE very much
Luther's church still had a top-down leadership (like the Catholic church)
Calvin's church was locally governed = the person in charge of the organization would choose the path of that church locally `
140
During Luther's and Calvin's time, Who was ruling in France, and what was happening in France?
Catherine d' Medici (who was Catholic) was ruling (her three sons were kings, but she overruled them).
Many of the french nobility were being converted to protestantism for POLITICAL REASONS -- Catherine hated these people
141
What letters did Catherine d Medici write to the French nobility families who were going to have a protestant wedding?
She wrote and said that she knew (they were trying to keep it secret) and that she didn't agree with their religion, but she said that they could come to Paris, and she'd leave them alone.
142
What did Catherine d Medici actually do on the day of the Protestant wedding?
She sent a bunch of guards and killed many people, including the bride , but the GROOM actually escaped
143
Who took over the French throne after Catherine d Medici died?
Her son had already died, so that was the end of her family's dynasty. But the closes heir was a cousin, Henry of Navarre (the groom of the wedding!!!!!!!) ---- Henry 4th
144
Did Henry of Navarre (4th) turn France to protestantism?
No, the French came to him and said that we don't care about your religion, but we will not have a protestant king.
Henry said that "Paris is worth the mass" --- and he converted to Catholicism
145
What was one of Henry 4th (Navarre's) first acts as king of France?
Edict of Nantes (toleration) = it was legal to be protestant. This slowed spread of protestantism -- since it's legal, this doesn't weaken Catholic power at all
146
What are types of Calvanist Churches? Why?
Baptists = locally controlled
147
What was the name of the day when Catherine d Medici kills all the protestant people at the wedding
St Bartholomew day massacre
148
Palestrina as a salesman
He was also a good salesman -- when his piece was getting to the edge (when they could ban), he named it after the pope
= the pope marchella's mass
149
What was the main focus of the NORTHERN REN?
Northern is general == anything that is NOT Italian
Kings tend to be weaker = you don't get royal sponsorship (more of a middle-class element)
Main way this manifests itself: it focuses more on WRITTEN documents, not visual things
150
Henry 8 was a prototype of what kind of ruler
REN ruler!
As a young man, he was very strong and manly (jousting champion, loved to hunt, spoke 5 or 6 different languages). Henry has an excellent background in religion.
151
T or F, Henry 8 was intended to be King
F, he had an older brother (Arthur) who died.
152
Who did Henry 8th's older brother marry, and why was this significant for England?
He married Catherine, the princess of Spain. Now the Spanish would back the dynasty!
153
When Arthur died, what did Henry's father (Henry 7) want Henry 8 to do? Why?
How did the people respond?
He wanted him to marry Catherine, his dead brother's wife (to renew the alliance).
The people didn't like this. Henry 8 was only 18, and Catherine was 23 (though she claimed she was a virgin). The people wrote the pope, asking if this was right. They actually ended up having a very successful marriage!
154
Catherine and Henry 8's marriage was largely a success, besides what major setback?
Catherine had a hard time with childbirth. She finally had a healthy baby, but it was a girl (Mary Tudor)
155
What scripture did Henry 8 read, which helped him decide that he wanted to leave Catherine
Leviticus 20:21 (take your brother's wife, you will become childless)
156
Why couldn't Henry 8 annul his marriage?
He wanted the pope to say it was ok, because he wasn't medically at fault -- he was saying she couldn't have kids. Catherine was cursed, according to the bible.
The pope, at this time, was under the influence of Charles V of Spain, who supported **his aunt Catherine**
157
How does Henry end up divorcing Catherine? Why does he do this so fast?
He grants himself the divorce by forcing Parliament to do it and make him ruler of the church of England, and he is excommunicated from the church.
He had his eyes on someone else, Anne Boleyn
158
What are the main differences of the Church of England from the Catholic Church?
1. Church mass and scriptures were in English
2. Carles 8 (not the pope) was in charge
3. The priests could marry and raise families
159
Important Wives and Kids of Henry 8:
Catherine had a _______ of _______ Religion
Anne had a ______ of _______ religion
Jane Seymour had a _______ of ______ religion
* Girl (mary tudor) -- Catholic
* Girl --- protestant (Anna was falsely accused of being unfaithful, and she was beheaded)
* Son (Edward 6) --- Protestant (she died at child birth)
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Tyndale and Wycliffe helped moved the protestant reformation along where?
England, while Luther was in Germany
161
Thomas More was ________ right hand man
Henry 8
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Thomas More ghost-wrote many things against whom, which got Henry 8 famous
Luther
163
What famous peice did Thomas More write (besides his articles against Luther)?
Utopia, meaning "nowhere"
164
Who were the three characters in Utopia, and whom did they represent
1. Raphael = adventureer = he's been to a new world (Americans) and found Utopia. He is hating on England and says that Utopia lives in a communist society, where everything is "in common"
2. Thomas More = he rebutts Raphael and gives holes in his arguments about communism. **interesting because many think that More was actually Raphael, who was against England**
3. Third = the reader
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What did Henry 8 want Thomas More to do?
How did he respond?
What happened
Henry 8 wanted More, his highest man and a high-up government official to condone (at least publicly) that his divorce from Catherine was just and that he should break from the church.
More did not agree with the King's actions, **but he didn't go against them. He, instead, decided to REMAIN SILENT**
Everyone knew that this silence meant he didn't agree with him separating from the church.
166
How did Thomas More find a loop hole in the trial?
What happened after?
According to the law, silence is consent, even though everyone knows he didn't consent to what the king was doing. So he was let go.
He was eventually executed by Henry 8's men. Henry 8 sent a firm message that he would even kill his good friend, if you didn't follow what he had planned
167
Erasmus was a catholic priest who was also a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Humanist
168
Who did Erasmus write letters with about the Catholic church?
What did Erasmus think?
Martin Luther
Erasmus, just like Luther, thought that the church needed to reform, BUT that this reform and change should happen from **within the church** (Luther formed the church from without)
169
What did Erasmus believe about the Trinity?
He translated the Hebrew and Greek bibles into Latin, for the Catholic church; however, when he did, he didn't find any references to the trinity in the original texts, so the Catholic church didn't use his translations
170
Who was Michel de Montaigne, and what types of things did he write?
How did this work with the REN
Essays, which revealed the author's mind rather than convincing or motivating.
This was adopted by the common person, being, therefore, very humanistic!
171
Why did he write what he did? Michel de Montaigne
In the intro to his book, he points out that he isn't writing for money or fame, he just wants to have something for others to remember him
= very humanistic! Very Ren!
Very Humanistic because he isn't really a well-known person, but he is just writing, saying that I matter, and they later became published
172
ALBRECHT DURER (norther REN from Germany) was best know for his painting or his woodcarving?
woodcarving, though he did paint a self-portrait that was very REN
173
Why did ALBRECHT DURER love hands?
Story of him and his brother:
he was from a poor family and had a twin brother. Both of them watned to be artists, and went for their Father's blessing to go to Italy to study to be artists, but they were very poor. The father supported them, but they could only have one person go. Albrecht won the draw and went to Italy. Very quickly, he developed a following and a name for himself, and when he went back to Germany, he made a lot. So now he went home, and he knew he could go home and continue his art to let his brother go to Italy. His twin brother held of his hands and said to his brother that he can hardly hold a hammer (because of working in the coal mines); in other words, he sacrificed his brother went through, he let Alb. study art. So, for the rest of his life, studied hands, as a tribute to his brother.
174
First great dutch artist
Brueghel, the elder
175
Why was Brueghel's painting of a wedding feast so Renaissance?
He drew pictures of ordinary, dutch people = ordinary people matter too, not just nobles
176
How was Henry 8's formation of the church of england different that Luther's formation of the Lutherin churches?
Luther based his changes on doctrinal issues, while Henry 8's changes were purely for political reasons (he wanted to get married, and he sold off many Catholic places, funding his reign as king)
177
What was the order of the heirs when Henry 8 died?
1. Edward 6
2. Mary I (Bloody Mary)
3. Elizabeth I
178
Mary I, Bloody Mary, married who?
What did the public think about this?
She married Phillip II, king of Spain.
People didn't like this because they thought that England would now be Spain's puppet by Mary taking orders from Phillip II
179
Why was Mary I of England called bloody mary?
She was the daughter of Catherine and Henry 8, who were Catholic. She could not become protestant, b/c that would be admitting that her parent's marriage was not valid, which would take her off the throne.
So, she changed England back to Catholic England (even though Edward and others had already changed it for a while back to protestant). Many people, and priests in particular, protested. She killed them all **= Bloody Mary**
180
What were Mary I's two main problems
1. She was Catholic
2. She married Phillip II, king of Spain. (puppeting)
181
Problems Elizabeth faced, and how she resolved them
1. Succession of the throne (many through Henry 8 and Anne's wedding was illegal) --- GOT APPROVED BY PARLIAMENT
2. Age and experience - only 25 (selected very strong advisors)
3. Gender --- SHE NEVER MARRIED
1. Suitors chased her, which she used politically
2. England liked idea of a Virgin Queen
4. No Money --
1. VISITED LORDS, they paid
2. PROMOTED INDUTRY AND TRADE - she organized several royal charters
3. PRIVATEERS (Drake) = pirates. She would protect them, if they gave a part of what they steal to England
1. Francis Drake! One of most famous (head of navy later on)
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How did Elizabeth win over the masses?
By walking the coronation route and talking with, kissing, and visiting with the masses. She had a girl lowered, giving her a bible. She kissed the girl and the bible, and the masses loved her. However, the leaders still needed convincing
183
How did LIZ win over the Lords?
She went to visit them, trusting that if she got in the door, she would convince them
184
LIz was great at setting an image of herself how...
* Good Queen Bes - I'm the girl down the street, love me
* The Virgin Queen - a religious, sacred persona. She'd wear white in public, and she would say that they is married to England. The state of Virginia is named for her
* Gloriana (the last 20 years or so of her reign) = Greek goddess = strong warrior of hunt and wisdom. Classical image of a powerful, strong woman.
185
What was the religious problem that LIZ faced?
How did she handle it?
She had to change England back to the church of England, for the same reason that Mary changed England to Catholicism.
HOWEVER, she allowed religious TOLERANCE (not freedom) by saying that _legally_ everyone had to be of the CoE, but if you wanted to be a quiet Catholic, she wouldn't care. She also had many advisors of all different religions!
She deals with this problem by not dealing with it (hands-off religion)
186
LIZ French Probs & Solution
Bloody Mary had declared war on France (because her husband Phillip II wanted her to, because he was a hapsberg (charles V was his dad)), and this war was draining money. She withdrew from the war.
187
Why was there a problem with Scotland?
Henry 8 had excluded the stuarts (Mary stuart was queen of Scot) from his will and inheretence; however, many Catholic people in England thought that LIZ's marriage was illigitimate, which would make Mary Stuart (granddaughter of Henry 7) the rightful heiress
188
Why was Mary Stuart in Scotland in the first place?
Mary's father was king of Scotland
Henry 8 wanted to mary her and Edward by marriage when they were both tiny. Mary's mother
Mary's advisers, to protect her, sent her to France, where she was schooled. She married the king of France (Francis II), but he died.
They had no children. So, she went back to Scotland
189
What happened to Scotland while Mary Stuart was away in France?
John Knox had come (he went to Calvin's school, and with help of LIZ) to convert many upper class to protestantism
190
How did Mary Stuart get kicked out of Scotland?
She came back as a Catholic in protestant Scotalnd and remarried to a crapy guy. He tried to kill her, but then she got him killed. She had their baby boy, James. However, Parliament told her that they were going to kill her
OR
she could leave the country and let them take care of her son (he would become a protestant raised boy)
191
Where did mary Stuart go after leaving Scotland?
How did the story end?
She went to England, LIZ took her in and even gave her a castle, equipped with guards all around so she couldn't get out (it appeared as if she was being nice to her sister, but she was containing her threat to the throne).
Mary plotted to kill LIZ and was found out and executed.
192
Who was the next heir to the throne after LIZ (since Mary Stuart was no longer around)?
Mary Stuart's son, James 6 of Scotland (James 1 of England)
Since he was protestant, he was a good fit for England
193
Who was James 1 of England (Mary Stuart's son)?
* James of Shakespear's time
* James of King James Bible
* James 6 of Scotland
194
Problems with Spain and how LIZ handled it
Phillip II of Spain (Bloody Mary's husband) wanted to marry Liz. Liz said not now, but come hang out, but he had much more power militarily, so that was A PROBLEM.
Phillip finally had enough: battle with Spanish Armada
195
What went wrong for Spain (and Phillip 2) in Spanish Armada
* Ships took a long time to get together. Drake sees a bunch of ships and knows its trouble. He takes an extra ship, lights it on fire, and sails it right into all the Spanish ships
* Spanish big ships couldn't move around well in the English Channel -- came to draw
* They wanted to come in from the open ocean, but when they did a hurricane hit them (**called the protestant wind**), and only 5% of ships survived.
196
John Calvin -- Predestination
God's eternal decree, by which he determined with himself whatever he wished to happen with regard to every man -- not all are created equal.
No are predestined for eternal life
197
In Utopia, by Thomas More, what was More's argument to Raphael as to why communism wouldn't work?
There would always be shortages, because people wouldn't work hard.
Nobody would be motivated by profit,
Everyone would become lazy
Everyone would rely on everyone else to do their work
198
Luther thought what about grace and free will?
How did Erasmus feel about this?
Luther thought we were saved by grace alone.
Erasmus argued that free will counts for something
199
Erasmus states that Luther attributes an understanding of the Scriptures to having what?
The Spirit. Erasmus argued that Luther needed to prove that he had the SPirit in the first place to know how he was speaking truth
200
Michel de Montaigne wrote of King of England taking back a promise in his will. Montaigne said... if I can, I shall keep my death from saying anything that my life has not already \_\_\_\_
said
201
Shakespear was round when?
During the time of Elizabeth and James I (James 6 of Scotland)
202
Where did Shake's creativity come in
He didn't necessary create new plays but put unusal twists that he gives to the stories, and his beautiful wording
203
What is soliloquy? Who came up with it?
When the character of the play reveals his thoughts only to the audience.
SHAKE
This brought about the idea of self, and battle between inner and outter self
204
Why was did shakespear need to be creative with words?
There were no light for effect, little scenery to dazzle, few props or costumes, so he had to wow the crowd with his beautiful language.
205
How many words did he use in his complete works?
How many did the bible have at that time?
How many did he invent?
27,000
7,000
2,000
206
SHAKE took many common words and made them \_\_\_\_\_\_
adjectives.
Majesty --- Majestic
Count --- countless
excel --- excellent
207
Some famous phrases from Shakespear
* It's Greek to me
* Been in a pickle
* Good riddance
208
What can we learn from Ophelia in Hamlet?
* She battles with her inability to make decisions, and wants her life to be dictated by her father, lover, and brother.
* When there is conflict between all three of them, she doesn’t know what to do. Her father is killed, and she panics and kills herself, not knowing how to react.
* = Ophelia Syndrome
* \*\*\*People must, eventually, learn to think for themselves, considering past experiences and advice
209
What is Hamlet concerned with throughout the play?
* Revenge?
* Should he kill if commanded by God (or an angel of God)?
* Is revenge ok, if you are righting a wrong?
* Self-doubt
* Questions about death
* What is real
Hamlet doubts the Ghost:
1. Not sure if it is himself wanting to kill the king b/c the wedding was so fast
2. Not sure if the ghost is of the devil, trying to claim his soul
210
WHere does Hamlet take place?
Hamlet's castle in
Elsinore, Denmark
211
Shakespear also wrote at least 154 \_\_\_\_\_\_, which are longer poems
sonnets
212
Time periods of Wycliffe and Tindale
Wycliffe = 14th century - used Latin as primary source
Tindale = 16th century --- he brought many beautiful phrases: "let there be light"
213
The moustrap play
This drawing depicts one of the main Hamlet scenes—the mousetrap play (i.e., the play within a play). Hamlet works with the traveling actors (depicted here on the wooden stage), reenacting how Hamlet thought Claudius had killed his father (pouring poison into his ear). Hamlet hopes that Claudius, upon seeing this, will react and show his guilt. Hamlet got the reaction he wanted. Once the king knew what was going on, he ran out of the room, fleeing from Hamlet and the rest of the audience; this reaction was a confirmation to Hamlet that his father’s ghost was, in fact, telling the truth. Knowing this truth, Hamlet could now be sure that revenging his father’s death was the right thing to do.
214
To be or not to be ... is about what?
= to kill myself or not, that is the question. Then he talks about why death would be a blessing. I would do it, but I don't know what is next (what if I can't dream?). He decides not to do it.
He doesn't understand death
215
"Nature of mankind in Hamlet" -- the climax!
How does this represent REN thinking?
"What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason! How infinite in faculty! In form and moving, how express and admirable! In action, how like an angel! In apprehension, how like a god! The beauty of the world! The paragon of animals! And yet, to me, what is this quintessence of dust?"
Then he sees in the distance the army of Norway. They were going to Poland to take a little piece of land, but he said that's dumb. If these thousands of men can die for nothing, then why am I running away? He goes back, and from this time on he starts making all the decision, and he becomes a man.
216
What do we learn about personal responsibility from Hamlet?
Ophelia has differing voices telling her to do different things. \*\*She goes to her dad to trust in him; she went to the right person, and we know that her father can give amazing advice. "I'll teach you. Think yourself a baby." (the worst advice ever!).
**Think for yourself! = eventually every discipline enters into the unknown, where teachers can no longer tell us what to think.**
217
Romeo and Juliet was, for the first part, a \_\_\_\_\_\_
comedy ... Romeo and Juliet were in love but couldn't be together b/c their familes were rival families who hated each other
218
Absolutism (associated with the 1600's) means...
God put that person on the throne by birth; it wasn’t an accident. Therefore, a king is only responsible to God, not to anyone else
219
The holy Roman Empire had two rival families. Who were the families? What countries did they posses?
Hapsburgs - Austria and Spain
Bourbones - France
220
Both the Hapsbergs and the Bourbones used used presitge as a rivalry. Sow how did they gain prestige?
Baroque art and achitechture
221
When the Hapsbergs would sign documents, they would right AEIOU below the signature. What does this mean?
"All the world is subject to Austria"
They knew that they were powerful, and they were continually elected to the holy roman emporership
222
The Holy Roman Emporer was
Charles V`, and it was mainly in Germany, but also Bohemia, Italy,
223
What physical feature are the Hapsbergs famous for?
Lips and jawline
224
One of the bigger protestant states in Germany was \_\_\_\_\_
Bohemia
225
Charles V started to tax what throughout the holy roman empire
contruction of churches. He did this mainly for Bohemia, b/c they were building so many protestant churches. The Catholics weren't building any churches at this time, so really he just wanted to tax the protestants
226
What happened to the Charles V's tax collectors
These Catholic tax collectors showed up and demanded pmt. There was a heated exchanged, and they refused. The tax collectors tried to force it, and then the protestants threw them out of the window—
They told the local Bohemian king, who told Charles V
227
How did Charles V repsond when he found out the tax collectors were hurt?
He sent Hapsberg troops into Bohemia, b/c he didn't want a protestant uprising... this is when a huge war broke out
228
The Catholics had almost won, when another country came in on religious grounds. Who was it?
Denmark came first
229
Sweeden came second to help fight the Hapsbergs. Why did they come?
1. Religious reasons
2. Land
(fight is shifting away from just religion)
230
**Catholic** France comes in third to help Bohemia in the Thirty Years War. Why?
The French, who are with the Bourbones, fear the Hapsberg power, so they send troops with Bohemia, even thought it was **Catholic France** doing so
(this is purely political for France)
231
Who won the Thirty Years War?
No clear winner. If there were winners and losers...
Winner = Bourbones (and France), keeping the status quo
Losers = German people kills in high numbers
232
How did the 30 years war actually end?
Both sides were tired, and they wanted peace. They both signed the **Peace of Westphalia**
233
What did the Peace of Westphalia do for France and for Religion
France was allowed to keep the status quo
There was no solution for religion. Each local king (over 300) would decide the religion of their state. The Catholic church saw this as a big mistake—they wanted to win everyone back
234
How was the Charles V's power weakened?
1. Reformation
2. Fighting Ottomans (from east)
3. Thirty Years War
235
Charles V – by the end of his life, he realized that controlling all these countries was a great burden for one ruler. How did he divide it?
Austria, Holy Roman Empire, and surrounding countries = his brother (the family half)
Spain and its colonies = Phillip II (his son)
236
Who was Charles V's son, who took over the Holy Roman EMp
Phillip II
237
Who was Phillip II's wife?
Bloody Mary
238
By the time Phillip II took over the Spanish half of the empire, what had happened to Spain?
Thirty Years War had weakened spain.
Armada had weakend Spain
239
After Phillip II died, there were two more Hapsbergs, then who took over?
The technical next cousin was a Bourbone, from France (cousin to the French King).
240
AFter fighting, what did the treaty of Utrecht do for Spain?
1 - Bourbone became king of Spain (now they have France and Spain)
2 - Spain gave away certain territories
241
in the 1600's, France had what kind of kings?
Weak, Louis 13 was weak. His ministers basically ran everything
242
Who were the main Cardinals of France who ruled under Louis 13?
1- Richelieu
2- •Mazarin
They both thought like MACHIAVELLI
243
Louis 14 took over France after his son. What did he believe about himsefl?
He was the sun king (descendant of God appolo, and his light would touch everyone)
He "is the state" -- physical embodiment of state
244
Where did Louis 14 move the main part of his kingdom?
From paris to Versaille. WHy? Cause anyone who came to see him had to come and stay there (you couldn't journey in less than a day). You were living with HIS spies, and not yours.
Transferred power back to the King
Embraced Baroque styles
245
Was Versaille the first baroque palace?
yes
246
What were the daily routines of Louis 14 at Versaille
Everyone would do EVERYTHING for him. Brush his teeth, comb hair, etc. --- he was a physical embodiment of the state; when you served him, you served France
247
Three things Louis 14 did to have absoluteism
1 - One King = had his own army
2- One Law = redid things so that his ppl did everything (taxes)
3 - One religion = revoked edict of Nantes
248
Restraints on absolutism (abstracted): In Netherlands
1. The States were free to assemble, regardless of summoning by the ruler.
2. No new taxes without consent of the States.
3. All acts of war must be approved by the States.
4. No part of the realm could enter a treaty with foreigners.
5. Gifts to the ruler were prohibited.
6. Justice to be administered only by regular judiciary.
7. Old customs and laws are to remain unbreakable, even for the ruler.
249
Who was king of Netherlands?
William 3 of Orange
250
Who was another limited Monarch in England, at same time of Netherlands?
James I (James 6 of Scot, son of Mary queen of Scot)
251
What other ruler did James I want to be like?
Louis 14 -- in complete control, but he couldn't be cause of magna carta and parliament
252
