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C14 > Midterm 1 (Lecture 1-4) > Flashcards

Midterm 1 (Lecture 1-4) Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What is behaviour?

A

behaviour is something a whole individual does

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2
Q

what is a gene?

A

distinct physical units of inheritance

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3
Q

what is behaviour genetics?

A

the area of research concerned with the application of genetic methods and research design to study how genes are related to human and animal behaviour

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4
Q

What controversies did we cover in lecture?

A

Intelligence
- Watson ➔ blacks are less intelligent because of genetics
- Summers ➔ boys are smarter than girls because of genetics
Mental disorders
Race
Sexuality
Aggression

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5
Q

Talk about race controversy

A

the degree of genetic differences between individuals is smaller than the degree of genetic differences between groups (perceived races)

there is genetic differences based on different geographic locations

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6
Q

What’s a spandrel?

A

the triangle between the archway and wall in architecture

biology: a phenotype that is a by-product of the evolution of another trait selected for during natural selection that is neither beneficial or detrimental
- this phenotype was not selected for during evolution and is unrelated to adaptation

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7
Q

Behaviour repertoire

A

set of behaviours characteristic either of an entire species or of a single member of species

  • can be influenced by environment or genes
  • ex. wolves ➔ aggression levels is determined by environment (social hierarchy)
  • ex. down syndrome ➔ genes determine how the environment (adults) will interact with them
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8
Q

Mendel

A

Hereditary unit ➔ traits are discrete units inherited from parents to offspring

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9
Q

Darwin

A

environmental selection ➔ adaptive traits survive and leave more offspring

  • struggle for existance
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10
Q

Galton

A 
pro nature
eugeneics  ➔ sterilization
behavioural genetics
biostats
foresnics/fingerprinting
twin studies  ➔ role of genes for different phenotypes
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11
Q

Hereditary genius

A

the first human behavioural genetic investigation

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12
Q

Eugenics movement

A

traits improved by controlled breeding

- sexual sterilization of indiv with undesirable traits

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13
Q

Pavlov

A

classical conditioning ➔ dog

nurture ➔ can train, how environement influences behaviour

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14
Q

Skinner

A

operant conditioning ➔ bird
nurture ➔ how environment influences behaviour
reinforced behaviour

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15
Q

ethoogy

A

study of behaviour in non humans

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16
Q

behaviour imprinting

A

behaviour learned at specific time in development innately independant of the conseqeunces

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17
Q

fixed/modal action patterns

A

innate non-learned behaviours

- mating dance

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18
Q

population genetics

A

evolution is a change in the frq of an allele within a gene pool

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19
Q

epigenetics

A

evolution through modifications of gene function that affect developmental cell fates

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20
Q

Explain serotonin and serotonin transporter and the short form allele variant

A

the s allele variant does not lead to a higher risk of depression in general however having the s allele variant can put you at a higher risk of dev depression IF you experience stressful life events (environment influences behaviour/gene)

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21
Q

why is mito important at axon terminal?

A

provides power for the release of NTs into the synapse

if not there it can lead to neurodegenerative diseases ➔ alters synaptic homeostasis

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22
Q

explain action potential

Study These Flashcards
A

resting potential -70mV
threshold -50 to -55 mV

Na+ rushes in, makes it more positive (depolarizes) to threshold, adjacent Na+ ion gates open ➔ signal transdused down the axon ➔ Ca2+ at axon terminal enters via channels and helps with the vesicle release of NTs into the synpases

23
Q

Acetylcholine

Study These Flashcards
A

NT
works directly on chemically gated channels
both CNS and PNS

24
Q

Norephi

Study These Flashcards
A

hormone
NT
CNS and PNS
indirect with G proteins and secondary messangers

25
epi
CNS indirect NT
26
serotonin
indirect CNS and PNS (gastric) NT mood disorders
27
glutamate
NT excitatory indirect and direct CNS
28
GABA
NT inhibitory ➔ increases hyper-polarization indirect and direct
29
Ionotropic receptors
receptors and ion channels
30
depolarization
make more positive -- easier to make AP
31
hyperpolarization
make more negative -- hard to make action potential
32
metabotropic receptors
influence ion channels indirectly long term effects ➔ affect gene transciption signalling cascade with G proteins and secondary messangers
33
temporal summation
same signal input (same axon released) one after the other have additive effects to reach threshold
34
spatial summation
different signal inputs (different axon released) at the same time have additive effects to reach threshold
35
neuromodulator
chemicals that enhance or inhibit the effects of neurotransmitters
36
neurotransmitter
chemicals that alter the function of the adjacent cells
37
neurotransmitter reuptake
transporter proteins in presyn membrane transport NT back intot eh presyn terminal
38
autoreceptors
monitor nt level and control the release of new ones ➔ negative feedback system
39
NT receptors
specialized proteins involved in the reception and transfuction of the signal - results in functional change in teh cell ➔ ion channels
40
3 basic steps of synaptic communication
reception ➔ dendrites to cell body transduction along the axon transmission ➔ axon terminal NT
41
genes that can influence disease, whats the associated disease? 5-HTT COMT NRXN DAT
5-HTT - depression COMT - schizo NRXN - Autism DAT - ADHD
42
neuropharmacology
the area of research looking how drugs affect the nervous system - lookts for therapeutic importance, recreational drug use and drug abuse
43
agonist
increase nt transmission
44
antagonist
decreases nt transmission
45
SSRI
selective serotonin reuptke inhibitors - bind to reuptake proteins - different effect based on stage of life[ - works gradually - inhibits serotonin reuptake proteins from coming up, reducing the reuptake of serotonin and effect of serotonin on the cell - can cause suicidal tendencies in depressed teens - used for depression and anxiety disorders
46
antipsychotics
schizophrenia and mood disorders - delusions and hallucinations - dopamine receptor antagonist - stops the flow of positively charged ions
47
benzodiazapenes
panic and anxiety disorders activates GABA system -- agonist enhances negative ion in flow calming effect
48
Pharmacogenomics
the area of study on how our genes affect our physiological response to drugs
49
Goals of human genome project
1. identify all the genes on human genome 2. seqeunce whole human genome 3. put all information in a database 4. improve tools and emthods for data analysis 5. make data nad related technologies to private sector address ethical, legal and social issues that may arise
50
clone by clone seqeuncing
large fragment of DNA ➔ map on the chromosome ➔ put in bacterial articifical chromosome ➔ replicate in bacteria ➔ break and fragment into smaller DNA ➔ subclone fragments into bacteria to replicate ➔ seqeunce ➔ put seqeunce together suing overlapping sequence
51
shotgun seqeuncing
fragment a whole genome into a bunch of different fragments ➔ sequnce ➔ assemble with overlapping seqeunces
52
Human genome project major findings
1. human genome = 3 million bp 2. average gene = 4 exons, 1400 bp 3. less genes than thought (20-25k) 4. gene duplications (globin genes) 5. repetitive seqeuncs 6. 0.5% difference from indiv
53
How to identify genes in the human genome
compare genomic DNA to mRNA look at conserved sequences across species look for signal sequences that indicate the presence of a gene (open reading frame, promoter, polydenylation, splice sites)
54
what kind of genetic variations can there be?
genetic polymorphisms SNPs copy number polymorphisms structural variation

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