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PHYS 2130 > Midterm 1: Lectures 1-6 > Flashcards

Midterm 1: Lectures 1-6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define: Physiology

A

study fo the function of living organisms, mechanisms of controlling internal environments regardless of external environments, and tries to explain physical and chemical factors of normal function and disease

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2
Q

Define: Homeostasis

A

the maintenance of relatively stable conditions within the internal environment, regardless of the external environment

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3
Q

Define: Negative Feedback system

A

decreases the production of something

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4
Q

Define: Positive Feedback system

A

increases teh production of something

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5
Q

Define: Extracellular fluid

A

makes up the internal environment, divided into interstitial fluid and plasma

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6
Q

What percent of teh total body water do each of these make up?
ICF:
Interstitial fluids:
Plasma:

A

67%

  1. 4%
  2. 6%
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7
Q

What is the distribution of Na like in and around the cell?

A

greater concentration outside the cell than inside, therefore wants to diffuse into cell

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8
Q

What is the distribution of K like in and around the cell?

A

greater concentration inside the cell than outside, therefore wants to diffuse out of the cell

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9
Q

What is the distribution of Cl like in and around the cell?

A

greater concentration outside the cell therefore wants to diffuse in

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10
Q

What is the distribution of Ca like in and around the cell?

A

greater concentration outside the cell, therefore wants to diffuse in

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11
Q

Define: Golgi Apparatus

A

packages proteins from the rough ER into membrane-bound vesicles

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12
Q

Define: Secretory Vesicles

A

transport proteins to the cell membrane for release to extracellular environment

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13
Q

Define: Storage Vesicles

A

store contents within the cell

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14
Q

Define: Ribosome

A

dense granules of RNA and protein, manufacture from amino acids under the control of DNA (either are fixed ie attached to the ER or free)

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15
Q

Define: Lysosome

A

storage vesicle, produced by the Golgi apparatus, act as the digestive system of the cell

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16
Q

Define: Mitochondrion

A

generates ATP, the powerhouse of the cell, can replicate without mitosis to meet energy needs

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17
Q

Define: Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

continuation of cells nuclear membrane, sit of synthesis, storage and transport of protein and lipid molecules

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18
Q

Define: Cell Membrane

A

main function is to regulate passage of substances in and out of the cell

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19
Q

Define: Centriole

A

cylindrical bundles of microtubules, responsible for directing movement of DNA in mitosis

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20
Q

Define: Nucleolus

A

dense body in cell nucleus containing specific DNA that produces RNA in ribosomes

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21
Q

Define: Cholesterol Molecule

A

in non-polar lipid layer, helps make the membrane impermeable ot some water soluble molecules, also helps keep the membrane flexible over a wider temperature range

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22
Q

Define: Enzymes

A

act as catalysts for certain reactions immedaiately inside or outside the membrane

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23
Q

Define: Structural Proteins

A

generally attached to the inside, support adn strengthen membrane, some anchor cell organs to intracellular side

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24
Q

Define: Carbohydrate Molecule

A

form a protective layer (glycocalyx) that is important for immune response and recognition of other cells in the body

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25
Define: Membrane Spanning Protein
span whole width of the bilayer, act as gates or channels that control movement of certain substances in or out of the cell
26
What are the 5 membrane proteins?
1. receptors 2. enzymes 3. ion channels 4. membrane-transport carriers 5. cell identity markers
27
Whate are the 4 diffusion factors?
1. size of protein channels 2. charge of molecule 3. electrochemical gradient 4. number of channels
28
What are the requirements for facilitated diffusion?
- water soluble substances that cannot diffuse through the bilayer and are too large for protein channels - does not require energy - it is limited by the number of available proteins - shows chemical specificity - can be competitively inhibited
29
What are the requirements of active transport?
- requires protein carriers - can be saturated, show chemical specificity adn competetive inhibition - uses energy
30
What are the requirements for osmosis?
- specific pores | - semipermeable membrane
31
what are the 3 things that affect osmosis?
1. permeability of membrane 2. concentration gradients 3. pressure gradient
32
Define: Isotonic Solution
same concentration as normal body cell
33
Define: Hypotonic Solution
lower concentration compared to body cell, causes osmosis of water into the cell (swelling)
34
Define: Hypertonic Solution
higher concentration compared to body cell, causes osmosis of water out of the cell (shrinking)
35
Define: Resting Membrane Potential
minute excess of negative ions build up on teh inner surface of the membrane and positive ions build up on teh outside creating an electrical potential difference across the membrane
36
Define: Equilibrium Potential
electrical potential that must be applied to the inside of the cell to stop the movement of ions down its concentration gradient
37
Define: Cell body/soma
control center, contains nucleus and directs cell activity
38
Define: Dendrites
thin, branching processes, increase surface area to communicate with more neurons, brings in cell signals
39
Define: Axon
projection of cell body, carries cell signal in action potential, may or may not be myelinated
40
Define: Myelin Sheath
presence of layered phospholipid sheath, insulates axon
41
Define: Node of Ranvier
unmyelinated part of axon where changes can occur to speed up cell signal
42
Define: Collaterals
branching's of axon at terminal end, increases number of target cells that the neuron can interact with
43
What is an action potential?
the rapid reversal of the resting membrane
44
What is teh sequence of an action potential?
1. Depolarization (sudden change to more positive value) 2. Repolarization (return to normal charge) 3. Hyperpolarization (membrane is briefly negative)
45
Define: Voltage-Gated Channel
found on the axon and are essential to generate action potential, open when cell depolarizes
46
What are the events that happen at a voltage-gated sodium channel?
1. depolarization of membrane 2. activation gates open immediately 3. Na+ flows into cell, down concentration gradient 4. inactivation gate closes adn Na+ can no longer flow into cell and channel cannot open 5. channel returns to resting position 6. channel is ready to open again
47
What are the events that happen at a voltage-gated potassium channel?
1. depolarization of membrane 2. after a brief pause, K+ voltage-gated channels open 3. K+ flow out of the cell, down electrochemical gradients 4. Gate closes and the channel returns to resting configuaration 5. channel is ready to open again
48
What are the events that happen in an action potential?
1. strong depolarization at axon hillock triggers opening of most Na+ voltage-gated channels 2. Na+ rushed into neuron, down electrochemical gradient, 3. Membrane depolarizes rapidly to +35mV 4. Na+ channels become inactivated while K+ channels begin opening 5. K+ rushes out of the cell, down electrochemical gradient 6. membrane beigns repolarizing back to normal 7. K+ continues to rush out fo teh cell and teh membrane hyperpolarizes 8. K+ channels begin to close and K+ no longer leaves the cell 9. Membrane potential slowly returns to resting value
49
what is necessary for an action potential to fire?
the depolarizing force from the Na+ moving in must exceed the natural repolarizing forces from K+ moving out and Cl- moving in
50
What are the 6 steps in propagation of an action potential?
1. the inside of the membrane is positive because of the Na+ that have entered the cell 2. positive area moves toward area next to it that is negative 3. adjacent area of membrane depolarizes 4. Na+ channels open 5. Na+ depolarizes the region to threshold 6. action potential is propagated
51
What is myelin made by in the peripheral nervous system?
Schwann cells
52
What is myelin made by in the central nervous system?
oligodendrocytes
53
What are the events at the neuromuscular junction?
1. action potential on motor nerve triggers Ca++ channels to open 2. this triggers the release of ACh into the synaptic cleft 3. this attaches to receptors in membrane 4. Ligan-gated channels open, Na+ entering triggers a local depolarizationn (end plate potential/EPP) 5. depolarization of EPP spread to adjacent cell, large amounts of Na+ flow into cell and trigger the action potential 6. ACh is broken down to acetic acid and choline by AChE
54
What are the 3 types of muscle cells?
skeletal, smooth and cardiac
55
Define: Myofilaments
the contractile units of the muscle cell
56
Define: Sarcolemma
muscle cell membrane
57
Define: Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
mesh-like network of tubes containing calcium ions which are essential for conduction
58
Define: Actin
a globular protein that forms the backbone of thin myofilaments and are contractile proteins
59
Define: Myosin
bind on to actin as the other contractile protein
60
What are the 3 regulatory proteins in muscle contractions?
actin/myosin, tropomyosin, troponin
61
Define: Sarcomere
the region from one Z disk to another, it is the smallest contractile unit
62
What are the steps in the sliding filament mechanism?
1. activation and cocking of myosin head 2. formation of myosin-actin cross-bridge 3. power stroke, sliding of thin filament over thick filament 4. binding of new ATP and breaking of cross bridge
63
Define: Excitation-Contraction Coupling
an action potential in the cell membrane excites the muscle cell to produce a muscle contraction
64
What are the steps in excitation-contraction coupling?
1. action potential is propagated down t tubules 2. calcium is released 3. bidning of calcium to troponin 4. shifting of tropomyosin to expose active sites on actin
65
How does muscle relaxation work?
calcium pumps bring calcium back into sarcoplasmic reticulum which requires ATP, this means myosin will be unable to bind because tropomyosin will cover the myosin binding sites when Ca is present
66
Define: Motor Unit Recruitment
the progressive activation of motor units resulting in a more forceful contraction to match a load increase
67
Define: Brainstem
controls some of the most basic functions of the body and is made up of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
68
Define: Medulla
is continuous with the spinal cord
69
Define: Cerebellum
in the posterior region just above the brain stem, is responsible for coordinated movement
70
Define: Diencephalon
consists of the thalamus and hypothalamus
71
Define: Motor Cortex
processes input from skeletal muscles throughout the body, part of the frontal lobe
72
Define: Premotor Cortex
integrates movement information with other sensory information inputs to generate perception of stimuli, part of frontal lobe
73
Define: Primary Auditory Cortex
recieve and process signals from the auditory nerve and integrate them with other sensory inputs, part of the temporal lobe
74
Define: Occipital Lobe
responsible for vision
75
Define: Corpus Callosum
nerve fibers that form a pathway between the 2 cerebral hemispheres, allows brain to coordinate full-body movements
76
Define: Pituitary Gland
regulates other endocrine organs, its function is regulated by the hypothalamus
77
Define: Pons
function as a relay station for transferring information between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, also coordinates and controls breathing
78
Define: Thalamus
recieves sensory input as it travels from the spinal cord and integrates sensory information before sending it to the cortex
79
Define: Hypothalamus
controls a variety of endocrine functions through release of hormones
80
Define: Midbrain
main function is to control eye movements, it can also control auditory adn visual motor reflexes
81
Define: Medulla
has control over involuntary functions
82
Define: Primary Motor Complex
processes information about the skeletal muscle movement
83
Define: Primary Somatosensory Cortex
processes feelings of pain, temperature, touch and vibration
84
Define: Neurons
information transmitting and processing cells of the body, only make up a small part of the brain
85
Define: Glial cells
make up most of the brain, provide necessary environment for the neurons to function properly, they are the main support cells but also regulate nutrients
86
Define: Bipolar Neurons
have 2 processes from cell body, specialized neuron
87
Define: Unipolar Neuron
have one process off cell body, located in peripheral nerves, generally sensory nerves
88
Define: Multipolar Neurons
contain many branching dendrites, most common in CNS
89
What are the sequence of events at a chemical synapse?
1. presynaptic neurons synthesize neurotransmitters 2. action potential depolarizes the membrane and activated voltage gated Ca channels 3. synaptic vesicles fuse to the wall of synaptic terminal and release neurotransmitter 4. neurotransmitter diffuses across the cleft adn acts on chemical receptors 5. receptors cause opening of chemically gated ion channels 6. depolarization or hyperpolarization is caused
90
Define: Spatial Summation of EPSP
additive effect produced by many EPSPs that have been generated at many different synapses on the same postsynaptic neuron at the same time
91
Define: Temporal Summation of EPSP
additive effect produced by many EPSPs that have been generated at teh same synapse by a series of high-frequency aciton potentials on the presynaptic neuron
92
Define: Proprioception
the brains awareness to where the limbs are adn teh extent of each muscle contraction
93
Define: Muscle Spindles
they sense the length and the stretch of the muscle

PHYS 2130 (2 decks)

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