midterm 1 review

Question 1

manganese nodules are marine sediments that are

Answer 1

found on ocean bottoms far from shore, away from lithogenous sediments

Question 2

at ________________, deep sea trenches are formed.

Answer 2

convergent plate boundaries

Question 3

oxygen concentration is generally highest at

Answer 3

cold polar surface water.

Question 4

sediments on the ocean floor are thickest ________________.

Answer 4

at the edge of ocean basins where oceanic crust is oldest

Question 5

the concentration of each element in seawater is determined by

Answer 5

the rate of addition and the rate of removal.

Question 6

the principle process whereby lithogenous sediments reach the middle of the ocean basins is transport by ___________.

Answer 6

winds

Question 7

tectonic plates…

Answer 7

…are comprised entirely of continental and oceanic crust.

Question 8

if the concentration of a gas in the surface layer of seawater is greater than the saturation solubility…

Answer 8

…there will be a net transfer of gas from water to atmos.

Question 9

what are phytoplankton covered by small calcareous plates?

Answer 9

coccolithophores

Question 10

the vast majority of lithogenous sediment transported by rivers to the oceans originates from

Answer 10

Asia

Question 11

the relative abundance of different oxygen isotopes in glacial ice and fossils…because…

Answer 11

water molecules containing different oxygen isotopes evaporate at different rates

Question 12

saturation solubility of gases in seawater increases with

Answer 12

increasing pressure and decreasing temp

Question 13

CCD (carbonate compensation depth) depends on concentration of ________ in the water.

Answer 13

carbon dioxide

Question 14

seawater is generally saturated with calcium carbonate from calcareous organisms only in __________.

Answer 14

shallow, warm water

Question 15

most life on the deep seafloor sustains itself by

Answer 15

feeding on constant rain of detritus from above

Question 16

hydrothermal water leaches metal sulfides easily from the oceanic crust because

Answer 16

has high CO2 concentration

Question 17

large-grained sediments are transported down submarine canyons to abyssal plain by

Answer 17

turbidity currents

Question 18

(2) major factors that determine accumulation rate of biogenous sediment are

Answer 18

rates of production, dissolution of biogenous particles

Question 19

latent heat is…

Answer 19

heat used to change the phase of a substance but not its temp

Question 20

lithospheric plates are

Answer 20

all of the above

Question 21

new oceanic crust forms at ______ plate boundaries.

Answer 21

divergent

Question 22

turbidity is a measure of

Answer 22

the transparency of the water to light, and the amount of suspended material in the water

Question 23

from shoreline to deep seal floor, part of seafloor follow a sequence.

Answer 23

continental shelf, shelf break, continental slope, continental rise, abyssal plain

Question 24

oceanic ridges are elevated above level of older deep seafloor as a result of

Answer 24

heat from the mantle that makes the crust hot and less dense

Question 25

with increasing distance from an oceanic divergent margin (oceanic ridge) the lithosphere

Answer 25

increases in thickness

Question 26

island + seamount chains formed by hotspot in the Pacific Ocean provide evidence that

Answer 26

tectonic plate has moved over the stationary hot spot

Question 27

developing ocean modeling has a number of components. what are they?

Answer 27

sensitivity, parameterization, validation

Question 28

the movements of lithospheric plates are thought to be driven primarily by

Answer 28

heat-driven convection in the mantle and gravity

Question 29

the plate boundary between India and Asia is an example of a ______ margin.

Answer 29

convergent

Question 30

naturally occurring organic compounds (carbon based) are introduced to seawater by

Answer 30

all of the above

Question 31

seamounts near the middle of the oceans are mostly

Answer 31

extinct volcanoes originally formed at an oceanic ridge

Question 32

for the ocean as a whole, the most abundant gas dissolved in seawater is

Answer 32

carbon dioxide

Question 33

density of seawater is controlled primarily by

Answer 33

temperature and salinity

Question 34

the oldest sediments on the ocean floor are found ____________.

Answer 34

near the edge of ocean basins and away from spreading centers

Question 35

which of the following bonds is the strongest?

Answer 35

covalent bond

Question 36

the high heat capacity of water allows it to

Answer 36

transport equatorial heat to high latitudes, moderate climate of coastal regions

Question 37

the speed of sound in seawater

Answer 37

a, b, c, d

Question 38

which of the following is true? (light of blue wavelengths)

Answer 38

a, b, c

Question 39

the siliceous phytoplankton in zones of upwelling and around Antarctica are dominated by

Answer 39

diatoms

Question 40

[t/f] biogeochemical cycles are thought to be at an approximate steady state.

Answer 40

true

Question 41

[t/f] CCD is deeper in the Pacific than in the Atlantic

Answer 41

false

Question 42

[t/f] the lithosphere can "flow" slowly over geologic time, much like the behavior of glass.

Answer 42

true

Question 43

[t/f] age of islands in hotspot chains increases with distance from hotspot.

Answer 43

true

Question 44

[t/f] water can dissolve more substances than any other known liquid.

Answer 44

true

Question 45

[t/f] some of the largest volcanic eruptions go unnoticed because they occur at divergent plate boundaries.

Answer 45

true

Question 46

[t/f] fine lithogenous sediment is continuously deposited on the ocean surface even far from the continents.

Answer 46

true

Question 47

[t/f] the melting point temp of a substance increases as the van der Waals forces decreases.

Answer 47

false

Question 48

[t/f] light of blue wavelengths is absorbed less effectively by seawater than light of red wavelengths.

Answer 48

true

Question 49

[t/f] earth's core is composed primarily of iron and lead.

Answer 49

false

Question 50

[t/f] sound velocity in seawater increases with increasing temps.

Answer 50

true

Question 51

[t/f] deep seafloor marine sediments typically have a high organic content from the accumulation of detritus.

Answer 51

false

Question 52

[t/f] the pH of a solution is a measure of the hydroxide ion concentration in the solution.

Answer 52

true

Question 53

[t/f] manganese nodules grow quickly in areas with high sedimentation rates.

Answer 53

false

Question 54

[t/f] covalent compounds are generally more soluble in water than ionic compounds.

Answer 54

false

Question 55

[t/f] it takes more heat to evaporate a gram of water from a rain puddle that it does to produce a gram of water vapor from water that is at its boiling point.

Answer 55

true

Question 56

[t/f] phosphorite nodules grow near zones of upwelling along continental margins.

Answer 56

true

Question 57

[t/f] the latent heat of fusion of ice is greater than the latent heat of evaporation of water.

Answer 57

false

Question 58

[t/f] ttl. quantity of water in earth's oceans, lakes, rivers, and ice caps has remained fairly constant for millions of years.

Answer 58

true