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PSYC1201 > Midterm 1 Review > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Arnold Gesell’s ideas

A

Maturation - physical aspects of growth and development (nature) influence the individual’s experience

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2
Q

Sigmund Freud’s Id

A

is unconscious and represents biological demand and instant gratification present at birth

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3
Q

Sigmund Freud’s Ego

A

Is conscious and seeks gratification but avoids social disapproval

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4
Q

Sigmund Freud’s Superego

A

is conscious and monitors the intentions and behaviour of ego by allowing guilt and shame for behaviour

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5
Q

Five Stages of Psychosexual Development (Freud)

A

Stage 1 - Oral Stage: focus on oral activities such as sucking, occurs in first year of life
Stage 2 - Anal Stage: focus control on elimination of bodily waste products. during toilet training stage of life
Stage 3 - Phallic Stage: parent-child conflict over child’s person sexual exploration, parent of same sex seen as rival
Stage 4 - Latency Stage: sexual feelings remain unconscious, children play with same-sex playmates, focus on schoolwork
Stage 5 - Genital Stage: begins with biological changes in adolescence resulting in desire for intercourse

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6
Q

Operant Conditioning (Skinner)

A

learning occurs due to its reinforcement effect (child learns that a Grade of A gets praise by parents therefore tries harder to get A’s

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7
Q

Positive Reinforcers (Skinner)

A

Increase the frequency of behaviours when they are applied (e.g., food and approval)

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8
Q

Negative Reinforcers (Skinner)

A

Increase the frequency of behaviours when they are removed (e.g., fear of failure is removed when one studies for a test)

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9
Q

Observational Learning (social cognitive theory)

A

when children notice how parents cook, clean or interact with one another.

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10
Q

Schema

A

Action or mental structure involved when acquiring or organizing knowledge

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11
Q

Adaptation

A

the interaction between the organism and the environment, consisting of assimilation and accommodation

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12
Q

Assimilation

A

Process of responding to new objects or events according to existing schemes

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13
Q

Accommodation

A

Scheme is changed to incorporate novel object or event

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14
Q

Equilibration

A

balance achieved by assimilating new events into existing scheme

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15
Q

positive correlation

A

a relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other increases

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16
Q

negative correlation

A

a relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other decreases

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17
Q

independent variable

A

a condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that its effects can be observed

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18
Q

dependent variable

A

a measure of an assumed effect on independent variable

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19
Q

Down Syndrome

A

a chromosomal abnormality characterized by intellectual challenges and caused by an extra chromosome in the 21st pair

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20
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

a genetic abnormality in which phenylalanine builds up and causes intellectual challenges

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21
Q

Tay-Sachs Disease

A

a fatal genetic neurological disorder that causes degeneration and premature death

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22
Q

Germinal Stage

A

the period of development between conception and the implantation of the embryo

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23
Q

When does prenatal organ differentiation occur?

A

During the embryonic stage ( implantation -2 months)

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24
Q

what are teratogens?

A

environmental influences or agents that can damage the embryo or fetus

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25
Q

impact of marijuana use during pregnancy

A
  • slower growth and low birth weight
  • babies showed increased tremors and startling, suggesting immature development of nervous system
  • memory, learning may be impaired
  • hyperactivity, impulsivity, and problems paying attention, increased delinquency and aggressive behaviour
26
Q

Impact of cigarette smoking during pregnancy

A

Carbon monoxide decreases the amount of oxygen available to the fetus, linked to impaired motor development, academic delays, learning disabilities, intellectual challenges and hyperactivity.

Smaller babies, more likely to be stillborn or die soon after birth

27
Q

Visual ability of newborns

A

nearsighted, can see 7-9 inches from their eyes. Do not have peripheral vision until later. Can detect movement.

28
Q

Sounds newborns respond to

A

respond to sounds of different amplitude and pitch by turning their heads. Singing in low pitch soothes newborns and they prefer their mother’s voice

29
Q

Reason more sleep is needed in infancy

A

necessary for brain development

30
Q

Baby blues vs. PPD

A

baby blues includes periods of tearfullness, sadness and irritability
PPD begins about a month after delivery, feelings of sadness everyday, feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, worthlessness, mood swings, changes in appetite and sleep patterns

31
Q

Treatment of PPD

A

social support, counselling, psychoeducation, some women may be prescribed medication,

32
Q

What’s assessed by APGAR scale?

A

Apgar scale –Used to assess health of baby at birth; scores based on five signs of health: appearance, pulse, grimace, activity level, and respiratory effect; each one is scored 0–2; therefore, total score can vary from 0 to 10; score 7 and above indicates baby is not in danger; score below 4 indicates baby is in critical condition and requires medical attention

33
Q

rooting reflex

A

baby turns head and mouth toward a stimulus that strokes it ; important for locating mother’s nipple in preparation for feeding

34
Q

moro relfex

A

(startle response) arching the back, flinging out the arms and legs and drawing them back to the chest in response to sudden movement, loud noise, loss of neck support.

35
Q

grasping reflex

A

response of grasping objects touch the palms

36
Q

stepping reflex

A

response of taking steps when held under the arms and leaned forward so the feet press the ground

37
Q

babinski reflex

A

response of fanning the toes when the soles of the feet are stroked

38
Q

tonic-neck reflex

A

the response of turning the head to one side, extending the arm and the leg on that side and flexing the limbs on the opposite side

39
Q

infant reflexes

A

unlearned responses to a stimulus

40
Q

SIDS recommendations

A

place baby on their back while sleeping, keep up to date with current sids info, breast feed, provide a smoke free environment.

41
Q

shaken baby syndrome

A

violent shaking of an infant often to stop them from crying, that can cause head/brain trauma.

42
Q

Cephalocaudal development

A

head to toe development, proceeds from upper part of head to lower parts of body due to the importance of brain regulation such as breathing

43
Q

FTT - Failure To Thrive

A

disorder in infancy and early childhood characterized by varying eating and inadequate gains in weight

44
Q

Canalization

A

tendency to return to one’s genetically determined pattern of growth

45
Q

Breastfeeding benefits vs. formula feeding

A

breast milk considered best nourishment for infants, contains antibodies, enhances cognitive development, less likely to develop allergies or die or sids
Forumla is easy and convenient, however can be expensive and if mixed with tap water that contains lead can lead to neurological damage.

46
Q

Function of myelin

A

axons are coated in myelin, it insulates the neuron. Allowing for efficiency and for the current being carried along the axon to be minimized

47
Q

Function of cerebrum

A

consists of two hemispheres, responsible for learning, learning, thought, memory, language and muscle control

48
Q

Characteristics of newborn vision

A

newborns are extremely near sighted, poor peripheral vision.

49
Q

Infant visual preferences

A

infants seem to prefer complex visual stimuli over simpler stimuli. By the age of 2 months, they tend to show preference for the human face

50
Q

Assimilation vs. accommodation

A

assimilation is used to absorb new info into existing schemas
when this does not work, the child will try to modify existing schema to fit info this is through accommodation

51
Q

Piaget’s main stages

A

Sensorimotor 0-2 yrs
Preoperational 2-6 yrs
Concrete operational 6-12
formal operations12-18

52
Q

Object permanence

A

recognition that an object or person exist when out of sight, occurs at 6 months

53
Q

Memory

A
  • memory improves between 2-6 months
  • older infants more capable of encoding than younger ones
  • infant memory can be improved if infants receive a reminder
54
Q

Cooing

A

during the second month infants begin cooing, they appear to be linked to feelings of pleasure or positive excitement

55
Q

Parents of securely attached infants

A

a type of attachment characterized by mild distress when a caregiver leaves and being readily soothed upon reunion

56
Q

Harry & Margaret Harlow (1966) study

A

humans have a need for contact comfort

57
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorders

A

impairment in communication skills and social interactions

58
Q

Rett’s disorder

A

rare genetic neurological and developmental disorder that affects the way the brain develops, causing progressive loss of motor skills and speech primarily effecting girls

59
Q

Definition of echolalia

A

automatic repetition of sounds or words

60
Q

biological causes of autism

A

low birth weight and advanced maternal age may heighten risk of autism.

61
Q

benefits of day care

A

good socialization, better academic performance in elementary school

PSYC1201 (3 decks)

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