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HE ED 321 > Midterm 1 (stress) > Flashcards

Midterm 1 (stress) Flashcards

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1
Q

The inner part of the adrenal gland is called the…

A

Adrenal medulla

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2
Q

The outer part of the adrenal gland is called the…

A

Adrenal cortex

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3
Q

The adrenal medulla secretes…

A

Noradrenaline and adrenaline

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4
Q

The adrenal cortex secretes…

A

Glucocorticoids, specifically cortisol

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5
Q

SAM is like a ___, HPA axis is like a ____

A

match, fire

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6
Q

Results of the SAM system include…

A 
Increases in:
Heart rate
Respiration
Perspiration
Muscular blood flow
Mental activity
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7
Q

The HPA axis results in the secretion of ___ from the adrenal cortex.

A

Cortisol (the stress hormone)

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8
Q

Cortisol’s effects include:

A

Increasing fat and protein mobilization in the blood (increasing access to energy stores), suppressing immune system response, and increasing blood pressure.

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9
Q

What afferent fibres are myelinated and carry sharp, brief pain?

A

A-delta fibres

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10
Q

What afferent fibres are unmyelinated and carry dull pain?

A

C-fibres

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11
Q

What physical factors open the gate in gate control theory?

A

Extent of injury, activity that aggravates injury.

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12
Q

What emotional factors open the gate in gate control theory?

A

Depression, anxiety, worry, tension

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13
Q

What mental factors open the gate in gate control theory?

A

Focus on the injury, boredom.

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14
Q

What physical factors close the gate in gate control theory?

A

Medication, heat, massage.

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15
Q

What emotional factors close the gate in gate control theory?

A

Positive emotions, relaxation, rest.

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16
Q

What mental factors close the gate in gate control theory?

A

Intense concentration, distraction, interest in life activities.

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17
Q

Stress ____ immune system function

A

decreases

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18
Q

The effects of stress on immune function is mostly demonstrated for which type of immunity?

A

Cell-mediated immunity

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19
Q

Cohen’s research focuses on?

A

Stress exposures influence on immune response when exposed to respiratory illness.

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20
Q

According to Cohen, stress is associated with:

A

Greater incidence of illness, more symptoms, a prolonged/inappropriate immune response, and an overactive immune system.

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21
Q

Indirect factors of stress that mediate the immune response are:

A

Smoking, PA, diet, sleep

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22
Q

The leader in stress response and wound healing is?

A

Kiecolt-Glaser

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23
Q

What did Kiecolt-Glaser demonstrate in regards to stress and wound healing?

A

Wounds heal slower when under greater stress.

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24
Q

Describe the engineering approach to stress.

A

The engineering approach to stress places stress as something that exists in the environment and causes strain or pressure. The greater the strain, the larger the stress response. States that non-pressure situations should not be stressful.

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25
Describe the Response-based approach to stress.
Stress is a physiological response (increased HR, perspiration). Stress can be said to have occurred when these physiological responses are recorded.
26
what are the 3 steps in General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?
1. Alarm 2. Resistance 3. Exhaustion
27
What is the transactional approach to stress?
Stress is an interaction between an individual and their environment, in which the individual perceives the situation as threatening or exceeding their resources to respond.
28
The physiological response to stress is called ____
Allostasis
29
When the allostatic response does not end, this is called ____
Allostatic load
30
4 types of allostatic load:
1. Repeated hits of high stress 2. Failure to adapt to stress 3 Prolonged stress response (delayed shutdown) 4. Lack of response (leading to compensation)
31
The 4 characteristics of stressors that make them more stressful
Novelty Unpredictability Threat to ego Sense of control
32
Primary appraisal
How significant is a stressor? What is the risk of harm or loss?
33
Secondary appraisal
What coping resources do I have? How much control do I have?
34
Stress is a reaction to the loss, threat of loss, or failure to gain from an investment. In the face of stress, people try to minimize loss of resources.
Conservation of resources theory (COR)
35
Coping
Cognitive and behavioral strategies to manage stressors
36
Problem management
Coping strategies focused on changing the situation. Most effective when the stressor is controllable.
37
Emotional regulation
Coping strategies focused on changing the way we think/feel about a stressor. Most effective when the stressor is uncontrollable.
38
Meaning based coping
Coping processes that encourage positive affect, and thus allow emotion based coping (religion, spirituality).
39
Two ways to plan for stressors
Reduce the probability of a stressor occuring and learn effective coping strategies.
40
Adaptation
The outcomes of coping with a stressor. Emotional well being, functional status, health behaviors.
41
Coping style vs strategy
Coping style is the tendency to use specific coping strategies, is related to personality, and is relatively consistent. Coping strategies are specific coping tools/resources that are learnable.
42
Active coping styles
Problem focused Emotion focused Emotional-approach Palliative
43
Problem focused style
Doing things directly related to the stressor
44
Emotion focused style
Ruminating about emotions
45
Emotional-approach style
Doing things to work through emotions
46
Palliative style
Doing things to make yourself feel good
47
Passive styles
Avoidance | Procrastination
48
Dispositional coping styles
Generalized ways of behaving that can affect a person's emotional or functional response to stress
49
Repressors
Tend to unconsciously avoid thinking about stress. Self-report of stress differs from physiological variables.
50
Monitors
Seek lots of information as a way of managing uncertainty.
51
Blunters
Consciously avoid thinking about stressors and seek minimal info.
52
Social network
All linkages between people that may or may not provide social support. The total number of relationships we have.
53
Structural social support
The size of a person's social network
54
Functional social support
What do connection actually do in terms of support.
55
Emotional support
Helping a person with their emotions (listening, etc)
56
Practical/instrumental support
Providing support through action (helping someone move, doing errands)
57
Informational support
Providing information on a stressor/situation
58
Social isolation versus loneliness
Social isolation is reduced number of connections in the social network, while loneliness is the perception of isolation.
59
How are absolute SES and health related?
Lower SES is associated with poorer health. Increasing SES improves health to a point, after which increasing SES no longer benefits health.
60
How does perceived and relative SES influence health.
Perceptions of SES can moderate the effects of low SES on health. Relative SES is an important influence on health in wealthier societies.
61
Social Causation Hypothesis
Low SES causes poorer health.
62
Social Drift Hypothesis
Ill-health causes low SES.
63
Which hypothesis of SES and health is most supported by research?
Social Causation.
64
Differential Exposure Hypothesis
Lower SES individuals have greater exposure to stressors.
65
Differential Vulnerability Hypothesis
Lower SES individuals are more vulnerable to stressors due to having fewer resources to cope.
66
The SES and cortisol relationship is mediated by 3 factors (all are common in low SES groups):
Smoking status Eating breakfast Social network diversity
67
Job characteristics associated with less stress under the JDC model:
- Appropriate levels of control - Right amount of opportunities to apply skills - Opportunities to pursue goals and meet demands - Right amount of clarity, variety, and opportunity for interpersonal contact - Higher than threshold levels of money, physical security, and social value for position
68
In JDC, a _____ job has high levels of demand and low levels of control. The opposite would be a ____.
High strain, Low Strain job
69
In JDC, a _____ job has both high demand and control. the opposite would be a ______ job.
Active, Passive
70
The Strain Hypothesis
Those in the higher strain quadrant of JDC experience more physical illness and psychological strain.
71
The buffer hypothesis
Having more control in your job can buffer the effects of having many demands.
72
The job demand-resource model
Developed to explain burnout. Proposes that stress occurs when job demands outweigh resources, leading to health impairment.
73
Effort-reward imbalance model
Stress occurs when an individual perceives their efforts as greater than the reward they receive.
74
Spillover hypothesis
Stresses from work spillover into the home life, and vice versa
75
Compensation hypothesis
Individuals with highly stimulating jobs will seek less stimulating life activities and vice-versa.
76
Segmentation hypothesis
Work and home life do not effect each other.
77
What theory around work-life balance is most supported by research?
Spillover hypothesis
78
Crossover effects
Demands on one individual also effect other in their social context. (your stress at works impacts your partner)
79
Work-life conflict
Time in one domain takes away from the other. May be reduced in those with more resources.

HE ED 321 (3 decks)

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