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NURS 201 > Midterm 1 Study > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Study Flashcards

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1
Q

Nursing Metaparadigm

A

Person
Environment
Health
Nursing

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2
Q

Global Health

A

Area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving health equity in health for all people worldwide

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3
Q

Examples of Major Global Health Issues

A

Life expectancy
Demographic aging
Maternal/Child health
Environmental threats
War
Gender equality
Lack of pre-reqs for health
Health inequity
Global workforce migration

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4
Q

Infectious diseases of global concern

A

TB
Hep B & C, HIV
Tropical diseases (cholera, nipah virus)
Sars
COVID
Influenza
West Nile
Ebola

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5
Q

Non-communicable diseases of global concern

A

71% are caused by CVD, cancer, chronic resp disease, diabetes
Car accidents
malnutrition and obesity
Environmental risks
Poisoning
Mental health
opioid epidemic
violence

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6
Q

Healthcare disparity

A

a difference in access to healthcare by group
Arise from unequal power relations and social inequities

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7
Q

Indices of Health Disparities (9)

A

Burden of disease
Mortality rate
Infant mortality rate
Morbidity
Life expectancy
Birth rate
Total fertility rate
Disability
Nutrition

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8
Q

Global Citizen & Nursing

A

As global citizens, nurses identify and act on health inequities in the population they work with at the local, national and international levels.

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9
Q

CNA Highlight statements (3)

A
  • health is a global issue
  • health is a fundamental human right
  • RN’s have the responsibility and the right to address social inequities
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10
Q

Nursing is a Political Act (3)

A

Nurses are called upon to speak out for health
Nurses see impacts of policy on the health of individuals, communities and populations
Nurses must look upstream and act
Our code of ethics supports this view

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11
Q

Globalization

A

Increased interconnectedness and interdependence of people and countries

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12
Q

Advantages of Globalization(4)

A

Communication advances
Economic growth
Scientific and technological advances
Improved life expectancy and health for some

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13
Q

Disadvantages of globalization (4)

A

Health inequities in low resource countries
Politically disadvantages areas
Poverty and burden of disease unchanged
Disease travels

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14
Q

General population themes of health

A

Multi-sided, self-management, participation, and subjective

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15
Q

Health care worker themes of health

A

Multi-sided, subjective, adapting to change, satisfying life, wellbeing/complete wellbeing and functioning

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16
Q

Bambra, Fox and Scott-Samuel - Why is health political (3)?

A

Conflation between health and healthcare delivery. Problems r/t the health care system are conflated into problems related to health
Impact of neo-liberalism economic policies on health

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17
Q

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (article 25)

A

everyone has a right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being… including food, clothing, housing and medical care/social services and the right to security

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18
Q

RN Role in Human Rights

A

A primary responsibility of the nurse is a professional responsibility to safeguard human rights

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19
Q

How did the history of global health begin? (3)

A

a) establishment of the WHO
b) spread of disease with European colonization
c) principles of primary Health Care

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20
Q

Alma-Ata Declaration

A

1978
Goal was to have health for all by the year 2000
ID universal access to primary health care as necessary to achieve health for all
Requires political action on health AND social, economic and other sectors to achieve health for all
People are at the center of health care

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21
Q

40th Anniversary Declaration of Astana 2018 (4)

A

Acknowledged the Alma Ata from 1978
What was learned over the last 40 years - health for some, not health for all
1) Make bold political choices for health across all sectors
2) Build sustainable primary health care
3) Empower individual and communities
4) Align stakeholder support to the national policy, strategies and plans

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22
Q

Jakarta Declaration (1997) (14)

A

Pre-requisites for health
- peace, shelter, education, social security, social relations, food , income, empowerment of women, stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice, respect for human rights, equity

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23
Q

Health Promotion

A

The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health

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24
Q

Crigger 2008 (3 questions)

A

3 questions to consider:
1. What are 3 qualities of globalization
2. What is globalization from above?
3. What is globalization from below?

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25
Globalization from above
Relationships of states and business corporations engaged in economic and politically interdependent activies
26
Globalization from below
Refers to the social and political collaboration of international agencies, NGOs, and people to improve the quality of civil societies across the world
27
5 Qualities of Global Ethics
1. Balanced inclusive decision making 2. Balance between the individual and the community 3. Use reflexivity 4. Openness to new approaches to human rights 5. Business technology
28
3 Key issues for nurses
Advances in technology and the associated outcomes Equity and justice in global resource allocation Challenge of devising a universal ethic that is respectful of diversity
29
Same factors to consider - Austin 2001 (Health r/t poverty?)
90% of the global burden of disease is situated within the 3rd world - has only 10% of resources Poverty Impact of World Bank International Monetary Fund and lending Programs Structural inequities
30
Downstream Thinking
The individual as the locus of change - right in front of you
30
Upstream Thinking
Society as the locus of change - nurses think about the complex social, political, and economic influences on health - looking at the cause/deeper
31
Determinants of Health (3 groups)
Broad range of personal, social, economic and environmental factors that determine individual and population health a) physical environment b) socioeconomic environment c) individuals characteristic and behaviours
32
Social Determinants of Health
Specific group of social and economic factors within the broader determinants of health - related to an individuals place in society, such as income, education or employment
33
Impact of the SDH
They determine what physical, social and personal resources a person has to achieve their goals, satisfy their needs, and cope with their environment They impact individual choice They determine health or lack thereof
34
System impact of SDH
SDH include the systems available to support health/illness Systems are influenced by socio-economic political policy SDH are associated with institutional racism
35
12 Determinants of Health
1. Income and Social Status 2. Social Support Networks 3. Education and Literacy 4. Employment and working conditions 5. Social environment 6. Physical environment 7. Personal health practices and coping skills 8. Health child development 9. Biology and genetic endowment 10. Health services 11. Gender 12. Culture
36
Institutional Racism
differential access to goods, services and opportunities of society by race - impacts social, economic, policy and political processes
37
Impacts of SDH on Indigenous Health
Historical impacts, political environment, economic environment, social environment
38
Marginal food insecurity
limited choice in food items or worry about running out of food
39
Moderate food insecurity
Uncertain access to food impacting the quality and or quantity of food
40
Severe food insecurity
Run out of food, with 1 or more days without food
41
Stress caused by SDH
High levels of cortisol & other stress hormones impact hormonal, metabolic and inflammatory response Many psychological impacts
42
Della’s Story
Living without appliances that are usually required to live (washing machine, etc.) only has unhealthy food to feed her kids because of expenses - diabetes cannot be well managed due to poverty
43
SDH and Importance for RN practice
To develop a broader perspective on health and illness To identify groups at risk TO understand the social conditions that affect health
44
Applying the SDH to nursing practice
RNs and citizens need to challenge issues of power, equity and social justice ID structural/system inequities as a social problem Understand how globalization influences the SDH locally and globally Collaborate with other sectors
45
Intersectoral Action
Governance Strategies Socioeconomic Strategies Environmental Strategies
46
5 Principles of Primary Health Care
1. Accessibility 2. Active public participation 3. Health promotion and chronic disease prevention and management 4. Use of appropriate technology and innovation 5. Intersectoral collaboration
47
Accessibility in Primary Health Care
The right provider gives the right care at the right time in the right place Accessible to being diagnosed, treated, receiving rehab/palliative care, support to prevent illness
48
Public Participation in Primary Health Care
Effective health care means individual, families, and communities actively participating in decisions affecting their health
49
Health Promotion in Primary Health Care
Enable individuals, families, and communities to live healthier lives Involves activities r/t health education, advocacy, illness prevention, and strong community participation
50
Appropriate Skills & Technology in Primary Health Care
Uses appropriate technology based on health needs of communities
51
Intersectoral Collaboration in Primary Health Care
Working with other sectors that influence health of communities and individuals
52
What is a Primary Health Care Approach
Includes basic medical and curative care, but it is much more than just treating disease
53
3 Approaches of Primary Health Care
1. Primary care and essential public health are the core of health services (personal and population) 2. Multisector policy and action 3. Empowered people and communities
54
What is the difference between primary care and primary health care
Primary care: first point contact for prevention, acute care and chronic disease management Primary Health Care: whole-of-society approach to better wellbeing of communities
55
Population Health
Health promotion, health protection, disease prevention, surveillance and response, emergency preparedness
56
Multisectoral Policy and Action
Fiscal measures Law and regulation Changes in the built environment Information and education Communication campaigns
57
Empowered people and communities
People care for self and others People are advocates People co-develop health and social services
58
WHO: Universal health coverage in Rwanda
Limited access to healthcare - goal was to make it accessible Successful for up to 80%, hoping to reach 100%
59
Why should Canada adopt PHC?
Risk of global recession Continued calls for health care reform Our health care indicators/outcomes are slipping relative to international comparisons Aging population Rising costs of hospital-based care As a means to ensure health quality
60
Local and Global Benefits of PHC
PHC allows health care systems to adapt to global changes and emerging health challenges Focus is on promotion and prevention, SDH and people centered approach Best way to address health equity
61
Components of the Canada Health Act (5)
Public administration Accessibility Comprehensiveness Universality Portability
62
Public Administration (Canada Health Act)
Provinces and territories must be publicly accountable for the funding they receive Health insurance must be managed by a non profit authority
63
Accessibility (Canada Health Act)
Canadians must have reasonable access to insured services without charges or paying user fees
64
Comprehensiveness (Canada Health Act)
Provincial and Territorial health insurance programs must include medically necessary services Must insure all services provided by hospitals and physicians
65
Universality (Canada Health Act)
Provinces and Territories must provide services to all insured people of the province/territory, with uniform terms and conditions
66
Portability (Canada Health Act)
Portability refers to the requirement of Provinces and territories to cover insured services to Canadian residents visiting another province/territory for less than 3 months or the first 3 months of a move to another Have a max 3 month waiting period for new residents
67
How is Nursing a Political Act?
Understand health in its social context helps us to see that primary determinants of health and illness are social, political and economic in nature Upstream vs Downstream approaches to health care
68
Politics
Process of trying to influence decision-makers to implement changes to improve the lives of clients, communities, and populations
69
How can RN’s, NP’s, and NS’s take political action?
Be aware of current issues Talk to friends/family, neighbour's, coworkers about health policy issues Join a nursing organization/committee Write a letter to the government Share your voice Speak from your experience Run for office
70
How is leadership critical?
Reflect on how care is delivery, whose needs are met/unmet, self-reflection
71
How is leadership transformative?
Ask why? what if?
72
How is leadership educative?
Ask is the status quo meeting needs? Learn, engage, lead to envision new ways
73
How is leadership ethical?
Ethical commitment to Code of Ethics in addressing access and equity
74
How is leadership inclusive?
Inclusion is both process and outcome
75
What is the goal of interprofessional collaboration
To improve health outcomes The process of effective working relationships
76
Competency Domains (6)
1. Interprofessional communication 2. Patient/client/family/community-based care 3. Role clarification 4. Team functioning 5. Collaborative leadership 6. Interprofessional conflict resolution
77
Interprofessional communication
Practitioners from different professionals communicate with each other in a collaborative, responsive and responsible manner
78
Patient/client/family/community-based care
Create partnership with partner/client/family/community Relationship-centered care
79
Role clarification
Practitioners understand their own role and the roles of those in other professions and use this to achieve their goals
80
Team Functioning
Understanding the principles of teamwork dynamics and group team processes to enable effective interprofessional collaboration Requires trust, mutual respect, availability
81
Collaborative Leadership
Support a collaborative practice model Support the choice of a leader depending on the context The two components of leadership are 1) task-orientation and 2) relationship-orientation
82
Interprofessional conflict resolution
Positively and constructively addressing disagreements as their arise
83
Factors that influence interprofessional collaboration in education and practice (3)
Complexity of the situation Contextual issues Quality improvement
84
Health Promotion vs Disease Prevention
Health promotion: broad concept Disease prevention: specific to avoiding an illness/disease
85
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
1986: first global conference on health promotion Health as a resource for living Holistic view of health Requires intersectoral responsibility
86
5 Key strategies for health promotion - Ottawa charter 1986
1) strengthening community action 2) building healthy public policy 3) creating supportive environments 4) developing personal skills 5) reorienting health services (sensitive to needs of the population)
87
The Upstream View (Butterfield 1990)
Upstream endeavors focus on modifying economic, political and environmental factors that have been shown to be the precursors of poor health throughout the world
88
Hany’s Story
Syrian refugee family - forced immigration due to conflict Hany’s story used by UN to encourage more funding towards refugee families
89
Local Capacity Building
Feeling capable of taking care of one’s own life Family is a partner not object
90
Saskatchewan Health Promotion Strategy Goals (5)
1. Supportive life settings (live, learn, work) and life conditions over the life span 2. Communities are informed and engaged in supporting health for all 3. Communities are taking action to support health for all 4. Take collective, comprehensive action using a Determinants-based lens 5. Evaluate and report progress regularly
91
What has made Global health more present?
Globalization of communications
92
Global health began with “____ Revolution”
Industrial
93
When were the UN and WHO established?
After WWII
94
What are millennium development goals? (8)
1) End extreme POVERTY/hunger 2) Achieve universal primary EDUCATION 3) GENDER EQUALITY and WOMEN empowerment 4) Reduce CHILD MORTALITY 5) Improve MATERNAL health 6) Combat HIV/AIDS, MALARIA, TB 7) ENVIRONMENTAL stability 8) GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP for development
95
What is the top leading cause of global disease?
Ischemic heart disease
96
What are some world population challenges (6)?
1. Migration from rural to urban 2. Stress on global environment 3. Increased demand for family planning 4. Pregnancy & childbirth complications 5. Lack of prenatal care 6. HIV/AIDS
97
“_____ inequities” are among the root causes of health inequities.
Social
98
What are Social Inequities (3)?
1) income 2) housing 3) education
99
What is the criteria for an adequate health care system (3)?
1) Equitable access to quality care 2) Affordability 3) Sustainability
100
What is global health according to Mill et al (2005)?
Optimal well being of all humans from the individual and collective perspective
101
What is the purpose of the Millennium Development Goals according to Oglivie et al. (2005)? (2)
Set an agenda for advancing global health in the 21st century Goals provide global targets to reduce poverty
102
What are the challenges r/t decreasing child mortality? (4)
1. Skilled health workers who attend births 2. HIV infections 3. TB 4. Access to safe drinking water
103
What is the leading cause of mortality in Canada?
Heart disease and stroke
104
Which disease has had increased prevalence and incidence rates in Canada?
Type 2 Diabetes
105
Who is at high risk for type 2 diabetes?
Low-income Canadians and Aboriginal peoples
106
When are the foundations of health formed?
Before birth, in infancy and in early childhood
107
What can lead to reduced readiness for school and problem behaviours?
1. Insecure emotional attachment 2. Low levels of stimulation
108
Which groups are a target for social exclusion? (3)
1) Aboriginal peoples 2) Non-European immigrants 3) People of color
109
How to integrate SHD’s into nursing practice
1) paradigm shift from sickness to wellness 2) realize health system has an important but limited role in addressing health 3) requires challenges to power, equity and social justice 4) Understand affects of globalization
110
Three levels of disease prevention
Primary: before S&S occur Secondary: early detection of disease Tertiary: convalescence stage of disease, trying to minimize damage
111
Health Promotion Strategies (5)
Build healthy public policy Create supportive environments Strengthen community action Develop personal skills Reorient health services
112
Greenlandic Public Health Program
Focus is health in the everyday life and in all sectors of society. Program based on better knowledge about health
113
Structural Determinants of Health for Indigienous people
History, political climate, economics, and social context
114
What is the most important fundamental determinant of health for Indigenous peoples?
Colonialism

NURS 201 (1 decks)

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