midterm 1 terms

Question 1

What is culture

Answer 1

system within which behaviours, beliefs etc are determined. It is a peoples way of life

Question 2

Components of culture

Answer 2

Tangible VS Intangible
Tangible are physical, like symbols, houses and clothes
Intangible is abstract, like language

Question 3

Dominant culture

Answer 3

Most powerful, can impose its values onto other groups

Question 4

Minority cultures

Answer 4

fall outside of cultural mainstream

Question 5

counter cultures

Answer 5

exist in opposition to the power of dominant culture (ie. hippies)

Question 6

Subcultures

Answer 6

minority groups that don’t necessarily oppose dominant culture

Question 7

High culture

Answer 7

culture of the elite, requires CULTURAL CAPITAL (set of skills)

Question 8

Popular culture

Answer 8

culture of the majority, especially those without power

Question 9

Mass culture

Answer 9

No agency (choice) in the mass culture they consume, less representative of the people

Question 10

Simulacra

Answer 10

Stereotypical images produced, typically hyperreal (considered to be more accurate then they are)

Question 11

Decipherment

Answer 11

looking in text for definitive interpretation

Question 12

Reading

Answer 12

Interpret as they see fit, not the way intended by the creators of the text

Question 13

Norms

Answer 13

rules in society

Question 14

Sanctions

Answer 14

reward or punishment for behaviours

Question 15

Folkways, mores and taboos

Answer 15

Folkways: weakly sanctioned
Mores: serious sanctions
Taboo: Not discussed as would arise disgust or revulsion

Question 16

Ideal Vs Actual culture

Answer 16

Ideal is what people believe in, actual is what truly exists

Question 17

Ethnocentrism

Answer 17

someone holds up their own culture as the standard by which all cultures are to be judged

Question 18

Eurocentrism

Answer 18

assuming audience would like to be part of the “european position”

Question 19

Reverse ethnocentrism

Answer 19

when someone accepts the superiority of others cultures

Question 20

Sapir-whorf hypothesis

Answer 20

relationship between language and culture

Question 21

Types of socialization

Answer 21

Primary: Occurs during childhood
Secondary: Later in life

Question 22

Determinism

Answer 22

Refers to the degree that individual characteristics are a result of something specific
Biological (nature) or Social (nurture)

Question 23

Sigmund Freud and human personality

Answer 23

Both biological and social factors affect human personality
Id: Human drives
Eros: Pleasure seeking
Superego: Conscience
Ego: Main agent of personality

Question 24

Erik Erikson

Answer 24

Society has influence on development well into old age

Question 25

Behaviourism

Answer 25

Nurture in the debate Emphasizes the power of learning in development of behaviour

Question 26

Behaviour modification

Answer 26

Law of effect, desired behaviours are rewarded, undesired behaviours are ignored or punished

Question 27

Agents of socialization

Answer 27

groups that have significant impact on one's socialization Significant others: fam, siblings and friends Generalized others: attitudes and viewpoints of society

Question 28

Three stages of development

Answer 28

Preparatory Stage: imitation from child Play Stage: role-taking and assumes perspective of significant others Game Stage: child can consider several roles and viewpoints

Question 29

Looking-glass self

Answer 29

Self-Image is based on how a person thinks they are viewed by others

Question 30

Habitus and Reproduction in mass media

Answer 30

Habitus-> wide ranging set of socially acquired characteristics Reproduction-> how classes preserve Differences amoung themselves

Question 31

Hurried child syndrome

Answer 31

Children are not given free play time as we are part of rigid programming of activities

Question 32

Resocialization

Answer 32

Process of unlearning old behaviours and attitudes and learning new ones

Question 33

Voluntary Vs Involuntary resocialization

Answer 33

Voluntary is by choice (retirement, religious conversion etc) Involuntary when someone is forced to change (res. schools, prison, military)

Question 34

Status and status set

Answer 34

Status is social position we hold or occupy Status set is a collection of statuses people have (mom, daughter, wife etc)

Question 35

Achieved Vs Ascribed status

Answer 35

Achieved status is one you enter at some stage in your life Ascribed is a status you are born or naturally grow into

Question 36

Social mobility

Answer 36

Extent that your social and economic status could change

Question 37

Master-Status

Answer 37

Dominates all an individual statuses Statuses can be ranked from high to low based on prestige and power

Question 38

Status consistency

Answer 38

Consistency is when all of their statuses fall in the same range (rich straight white male) Inconsistent doesn't fit the norm (indigenous parliament and well off)

Question 39

Role

Answer 39

Set of behaviours and attitudes associated with a particular status

Question 40

Thomas theorem

Answer 40

Individuals respond to situations based on their subjective experience Situations we define as real become real in their consequences

Question 41

Max Weber

Answer 41

His work on bureaucracy caused a shift from the examination of social institutions to that of business corporations Critiques of traditional theories of management have led to the rise of critical management studies 4 elements of formal rationlization -efficiency -quantification -predictability -control

Question 42

Carol Muellers three models of feminist organizations

Answer 42

Formal social movement oganizations -inclusive, small demands Small groups or collectives -organized, require time and loyality Service-provider organizations -combine elements of both formal and small-group organizers

Question 43

Ritzer

Answer 43

McDonalization, applied the four fundamental elements of Webber's rationalization