Midterm Flashcards
(74 cards)
1
Q
biological theories
A
occur randomly and accumulate over time (predetermined)
2
Q
aging phenotype
A
external expression of one’s individual genetic makeup
3
Q
chronological aging
A
recognized between 50-65 years old
4
Q
7 petals- wellness model
A
environment biological psychological social intellectual SES spiritual
5
Q
centenarian
A
someone who has lived 100-109 years old; majority are 100-104
6
Q
3 levels of prevention
A
primary- vaccines
secondary- screenings
tertiary- once someone already has a disease
7
Q
cognitive changes
A
decline in working memory
decline in episodic memory
8
Q
heart changes
A
decrease in cardiac reserve- takes longer to meet demands and return back to normal
mild systolic murmur
9
Q
endocrine changes
A
decrease in thymus size = harder to fight off infection
10
Q
musculoskeletal changes
A
decline posture- kyphosis
bones are brittle
sarcopenia- gradual loss of muscle bulk / strength
11
Q
vision
A
dec. in vision
increased astigmatism
floaters
glaucoma
12
Q
hearing loss
A
presbycusis- sensorineural hearing loss
loss of high frequency sounds
13
Q
skin changes
A
lightening of skin tone slower wound healing more fragile dec skin temp loss of elasticity dry and cracking
14
Q
hair
A
diminished melanocyes- gray hair
terminal hair in face and chin in women after menopause
15
Q
nails
A
thicken / change shape
brittle
striations
16
Q
hydration
A
thirst sense diminshes
total body water decreases
17
Q
elimination changes
A
kidney size decrease
loss of bladder holding capacity because of loss of elasticity
18
Q
sleep changes
A
more time spent laying awake total sleep time decreased sleep efficiency reduced wake up frequently daytime napping REM sleep is short / less intense
19
Q
ageism
A
negative attitudes towards aging adults
20
Q
NICHE
A
Nurses Improving Care in Healthsystem for elderly
21
Q
Goal of NICHE
A
improve elderly patients in hospitals
- catheter
- pressure ulcers
- iatrogenic conditions (got them from the hospital)
22
Q
reasons for readmittance to hospitals
A
- health literacy
- SES
- language barriers
23
Q
telomeres
A
protect the tips of chromosomes
- stressors / unhealthy living shorten them and speed up aging
- prevention- healthy living
24
Q
psychosocial theory
A
behavioral / developmental
25
wear and tear theory
theory of biological aging that proposes aging stems from a build up of trauma to tissues, organs and cells in side the body
26
free radical theory
mutations of the mitochondrial DNA will accumulate and lead to a loss of cell function causing aging
27
inflame-aging theory
dysregulation and dysfunction of the immune system which makes a older person more susceptible to infections
-education and immunizations
28
integrity v. despair
did I live a meaningful life?
29
generativity v stagnation
how can I contribute to the world?
| -parenthood / work
30
identity v confusion
who am I?
| social relationships
31
industry v inferiority
how can I be good?
| -school
32
initiative v guilt
am I good or bad?
| -exploration and play
33
autonomy v shame / doubt
can I do things by myself?
| - potty training
34
trust v mistrust
can I trust the people around me?
| - feeding
35
gerotranscendence theory
increased feeling of together with past generations;
decreased an interest in social interactions;
universal awareness;
less self-occupied;
dec in personal interest for material things;
solitude is more attractive
36
activity theory
successful aging = staying active
37
continuity theory
individuals tend to develop and maintain a consistent pattern of behavior as they age
38
age stratification
considers individuals as members of cohorts with similarities to others in the same group; importance of similarities is more important than differences
39
neuroplasticity
ability of the brain to form synaptic connections in response to learning, experiences, or following injury
40
3 stages of memory
sensory- aware of info through senses
short term- sequential info that needs to be rehearsed
long term- info that is no longer conscious thought is stored for potential recollection
41
elderspeak
what not to say
- using a singing voice
- using pet names
- using We pronouns
- ignoring the elderly patient and only talking to family
- talking to them like a child
42
Katz adl
- Bathing
- grooming
- toileting
- continence
- feeding / drinking
- transferring (wheelchair to chair)
43
Mini Cog
3 word test- short term memory
| clock drawing
44
IADL (Lawton's)
```
independent living skills
cooking
cleaning
shopping
yard work
money management
using a phone
laundry
taking meds
accessing transportation
```
45
geriatric depression scale
13 items
| 5 = major depressive disorder
46
SPICES
```
identifies geriatric syndromes
S- Sleep disorders
P- problems eating
I- incontinence
C- confusion
E- evidence of falls
S- skin breakdown
```
47
changes in the eyes
eyelids are droopy, eyes are dry, eyelids may not close completely, eyelids may be turned outward
48
presbycusis
sensorineural hearing loss
slow / progressive
difficult to filter background noise
49
neurosensory changes
diminish one's awareness of temperature changes
| one will wear a sweater in the summer without the AC on
50
disengagement theory
the need for adults to gradually withdraw from society so there is a transfer of power to the younger generation
51
selective optimization
individuals cope with aging losses through activity / role selection, optimizations, and compensations
52
role theory
as one role is completed it is replaced by another one of comparative value to the individual / society
53
pharmokinetics
how drugs are processed and concentrated in the body
54
pharmodynamics
related changes occur due to the decrease in the number of receptors, receptor binding, or altered cellular response to drug reception interaction
55
polypharmacy
5+ medications, more medications than are medically necessary, or the use of multiple medications for the same problem
56
brown bag approach
patient is asked to show the nurse the bottles of all the meds they are taking; over the counter, dietary, and herbals
57
malnutrition risk factors
loss of dentition, dysphagia, cognitive impairment, neurological or musculoskeletal problems, low SES, taste alterations,
58
stage 1 pressure ulcer
skin is red, warm and either softer or harder than surrounding
59
stage 2 pressure ulcer
skin breaks open
| lesion superficial and resembles an abrasion or popped blister
60
stage 3 pressure ulcer
lesion begins to enter subcutaneous; forms a small crater, fat may begin too show in the open sore
61
stage 4 pressure ulcer
subcutaneous layer and underlying fascia are breached, exposing muscle and bone
62
5 types of incontinence
```
stress
urge
overflow
functional
mixed
```
63
stress incontinence
small amount from couching sneezing or exercise
64
urge incontinence
loss of moderate to a large amount before getting to the toilet
65
overflow incontinence
```
constant loss (dribbling)
feeling incomplete bladder emptying;
```
66
functional
unable to reach toilet due to environmental barriers
67
mixed incontinence
combo of more than one; usually stress / urge
68
delirium
acute onset of symptoms;
acute illness-UTI
can be reversed if root of problem is solved
69
risk factors for sleep apnea
increased age, increase neck circumference, male, smoking, hypertension, increase weight
70
extrinsic v intrinsic fall risks
I- conditions (meds, pain, alcohol, previous falls)
| E- situations (urinary incontinence, new environment, pets, cords, etc.)
71
hypoactive delirium
```
quiet or pleasantly confused
reduced activity
lack of facial expression
lethargy
inactivity
```
72
hyperactive delirium
```
excessive alertness
distracted
increased psychomotor activity
hallucinations / delusions
aggressive / agitation
```
73
causes of delirium
```
D- dementia
E- electrolytes
L- (lungs, liver, heart, kidney, brain)
I- infection
R- (Rx) polypharmacy
I- injury, pain, stress
U- unfamiliar environement
M- metabolic
```
74
senesence
process of growing old
