Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
anatomy definition
A
study of the body structures and their relation
2
Q
physiology definition
A
the study of how the body works and each parts function
3
Q
11 systems in the body
A
urinary, reproductive, integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, endocrine, lymphatic, digestive, respiratory
4
Q
axial region
A
head, vertebral column, trunk
5
Q
appendicular region
A
upper limbs and lower limbs
6
Q
anterior/ventral
A
towards the front/stomach
7
Q
posterior/dorsal
A
towards the back
8
Q
superior/cephalic/cranial
A
above, on top of, towards the head
9
Q
inferior/caudal
A
below, towards the tail
10
Q
lateral
A
further form the midline
11
Q
medial
A
nearer to the midline
12
Q
proximal
A
closer to the point of origin
13
Q
distal
A
further from the point of origin
14
Q
3 planes of reference
A
sagittal/median, coronal/frontal, and transverse/axial
15
Q
sagittal/median
A
left and right
16
Q
coronal/frontal
A
front and back
17
Q
transverse/axial
A
top and bottom
18
Q
dorsal cavity
A
cranial and vertebral
19
Q
ventral cavity
A
thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic
20
Q
thoracic
A
heart and lungs
21
Q
abdominal
A
digestive organs
22
Q
pelvic
A
urinary, rectum, and reproductive
23
Q
flexion
A
bending/increasing tension
24
Q
extension
A
bending/increasing angle
posterior movement
25
abduction
moving away from midline
26
adduction
moving toward midline
27
protraction
moving jaw anteriorly
28
retraction
moving jaw posteriorly
29
elevation
raising movement
30
depression
lowering movement
31
circumduction
circular movement
32
four basic tissue types
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
33
epithelial tissue
lines the surfaces and cavities of organs
34
connective tissue
supports, connects, or separates different types of tissues and organs of the body
35
muscular tissue
stabilizes body position, produces motion, moves substances within the body
36
3 types of muscular tissue
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
37
nervous tissue
tissue of the nervous system like brain, spinal cord, and nerves; also processes and transmits information
38
two main types of nervous tissue
neurons use electrical impulses and chemical signals to transmit information and neuroglia provide physical support, remove debris, and provide electrical insulation
39
upper respiratory tract
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
40
lower respiratory tract
pulmonary airways: trachea, bronchi, lungs (3 right lobes, 2 left lobes)
41
conducting portions of the respiratory system
nasal/oral cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
42
where do the primary bronchi enter
the hilum for the lungs
43
bronchial tree and lungs
primary bronchi, secondary bronchi (lobar), and tertiary bronchi
44
main site for exchange of O2 and CO2 between inspired air and blood
alveoli
45
vertebrae count
```
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
5 sacral vertebrae
3-4 coccygeal vertebrae
```
46
anterior rib cage
sternum - manubrium, body/corpus, and xiphoid process
47
posterior rib cage
vertebral column
48
how many pairs of ribs
12 - 1-7 are true ribs, 8-10 are false ribs, and 11 and 12 are floating ribs
49
pelvic girdle
(ilium, ischium, and pubis) hip bones, sacrum, coccyx
50
passive process of breathing
natural recoil of tissue, surface tension of alveoli, and gravity
51
active process of breathing
requires muscle contraction; inhalation is always an active process, but exhalation can be passive
52
primary muscle of inhalation
diaphragm
53
four parts of the diaphragm
central tendon, sternal part (2 small slips of muscle), costal part (left and right parts of the dome), lumbar part (posterior aspect)
54
diaphragm
origin - sternal part, xiphoid process: posterior surface; costal part, left and right parts of the dome; lumbar part, posterior aspect
insertion - central tendon
innervation - phrenic nerve (c3-5)
action nerve - increasing intra-thoracic volume for inspiration and increasing intra-abdominal pressure for evacuation of abdominal contents
55
external intercostal muscles
origin - ribs 1-11 inferior borders
insertion - spinal nerves (intercostal nerves)
innervation - spinal nerves (intercostal nerves)
action - elevation of ribs and sternum
56
muscles of the rib cage wall
external intercostal, internal intercostal, sternodeidomasoid, scalenus, pectoralis minor, pectoralis major, subclavius, serratus anterior, transversus thoracis, latissimus dorsi, settatus posterior superior, serratus posterior inferior, lateral iliocostalis cervicis, lateral iliocostalis thoracis, lateral iliocostalis lumborum, levatores costarum, quadratus lumbarum, subcostal
57
forced breathing
accessory muscles pull down the ribs, abdominal muscles pull down the ribs and push in the abdominal contents and diaphragm
58
internal intercostal muscle
origin - ribs and costal cartilages 1-11: inferior borders
insertion - ribs 2-12: superior borders
innervation - spinal nerves (intercostal nerves)
action - pulls down the rib immediately above it; most active during expiration
59
6 types of connective tissue
bone, cartilage, fibrous/dense connective tissue, loose connective tissue, adipose/fat tissue, and blood
60
bone
supports and protects the body and its organs, produces various blood cells, stores minerals, and provides support for mobility in conjugation with muscles
61
red blood marrow
blood stem cells turn into blood cells, white blood cellsm and platelets
62
yellow bone marrow
fat
63
long bone
a long shaft, cylindrical in cross section; femur
64
short bone
equal in length and width; carpal and tarsal bones
65
flat bone
smooth and thin; sternum, scapula, parietal bone, occipital bone, temporal bone, and frontal bone
66
sesamoid bone
form within the tendons of some muscles; patella and accessory bones in the foot
67
irregular bone
elaborate in shape and thus cannot be classified into any other category; sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, hyoid bone
68
adipose tissue
provides structural and mutable support, provides a cushion, stores energy, insulates the body, and fills up space between organs and tissues
69
origin
the stationary bone muscle attatchment
70
insertion
the moveable bone muscle attachment
71
belly
the portion of the muscle between origin and insertion
72
agonist
the muscle that causes the desired action aka the prime mover
73
antagonist
the muscle that causes opposing action to the agonist
74
synergist
stablizes movements
75
fixators
stabilize the origin of the agonist
76
deltoid
shaped like a triangle
77
orbicularis
orbit, circular muscle
78
major
large or upper
79
minor
lower or small
80
vastus
large
81
dorsi/dorsal
back
82
intra
lower
83
supra
upper
84
longis
long
85
brevis
short
86
medialis
medial
87
lateralis
lateral
88
five muscle characteristics
excitablity - ability to respond to stimulus
conductivity - ability ot propogate an action potential
contractility - ability ot shorten and thicken (contract) in response to action potentials
extensibility - ability to stretch without being damaged
elasticity - ability ot return to its original shape after extension or contraction
89
skeletal muscle
attached primarily to bones, skin, other muscles, or deep fascia
90
smooth muscle
located in the walls of the hollow internal structures; involuntary non-striated
91
cardiac muscle
pacemaker system; involuntary striated
92
efferent
motor system
93
afferent
sensory system
94
general senses
touch, nociception (pain), proprioception, temperature, vibration, and pressure
95
special senses
taste, smell, sight, hearing, balance
96
serratus posterior interior muscles
origin - T11-L2/L3: spinous processes
insertion - ribs 9-12: inferior borders
innervation: spinal nerve (T9-12)
action - downward pull on hte lower 4 ribs
97
subcostal muscle
origin - internal posterior aspects of a rib
insertion - internal aspects of ribs 2 and 3 levels below
innervation - spinal nerves (intercostal nerves)
action - pulls down the ribs into which they are inserted
98
muscles of the abdominal wall
rectus abdominus, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus oblique
99
rectus abdominis
origin - hip bone (pelvis): pubis and pubic symphysis
insertion - xiphoid process: costal cartilages 5-7
innervation - spinal nerves T6-12
action - assists in pulling down on the ribs during forced expiration, flexes the vertebral column
100
external oblique
origin - ribs 5-11: outer surfaces, and hip bone: iliac crest
insertion - hip bone: anterior superior iliac spine and iliac crest, and linea albea
innervation - spinal nerves T6-12
action - pulls the lower ribs downward and pull sin the abdominal wall
101
internal oblique muscles
origin - upper surface of the coxal bone and iliac crest, inguinal ligament: lateral 2/3, lumbodorsal fascia
insertion - cartilages of ribs 9-12, xiphoid process, linea alba, hip bone: pubic crest and pectineal line
innervation - spinal nerves T6-L1
action - supports abdominal wall, aids raising intra-abdominal pressure, abducts and rotates trunck with muscles of other side
