Midterm Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
what is auricle? Another term
A
Pinna
2
Q
Pinna is efficient for ….. frequency sound
A
High
3
Q
Function of concha
A
Localize the sources of the sound
4
Q
External auditory canal (EAC) height
A
9mm
5
Q
EAC width
A
6.5 mm
6
Q
What is the gland that secretes sebum?
A
Sebaceous glands
7
Q
Sebum >
A
Cerumen / earwax
8
Q
Inner EAC
A
the osseocartilaginous junction above condyle
9
Q
The tympanic membrane is between ….
A
outer ear & middle ear
10
Q
Another term for tympanic membrane
A
Eardrum
11
Q
Surface area of tympanic membrane
A
55 mm2
12
Q
3 layers of the eardrum
A
- Same as EAC
- fibrous connective tissue
- middle ear space (mucous membrane)
13
Q
The largest bone of the middle ear
A
Malleus
14
Q
The smallest bone
A
The stapes
15
Q
fluid in scala media
A
Endolymph
16
Q
Fluid in scala tympani
A
Perilymph
17
Q
Fluid in scala vestibuli
A
Perilymph
18
Q
The opposite end of the oval window
A
Helicotrama
19
Q
Membrane btw scala vestibular & scala media
A
Reissner’s membrane
20
Q
Membrane between scala media and scala tympani
A
Basilar membrane
21
Q
Unit of frequency
A
Hz
22
Q
Period is …
A
1/ frequency
23
Q
Fundamental f is
A
The lowest rate of sound vibration in the complex sound
24
Q
Periodic sounds
A
Speech & music
25
Aperiodic sounds
Noise
26
Harmonics are
Tones over the fundamental (200 HZ and above)
27
Overtone and harmonic difference
1st harmonic = fundamental
| 1st overtone = 2nd harmonic
28
F1 refers to
1st formant
29
Fundamental frequency of men
85 - 150 Hz
30
Fundamental frequency of women
175-250 Hz
31
Unit of intensity
dB
32
Unit of force
Dyne: 1 g mass@ cm/s2
Newton: 1 kg mass@ m/s2
33
The middle-ear cleft is formed of
the eustachian tube and the middle ear
34
The middle ear transfers sound energy from …. to …..
outer ear to inner ear
35
2 muscles in the middle ear that helps impedance matching
stapedius muscle
| tensor tympani muscle
36
Impedance matcher (contraction of the muscles helps….)
- protect the inner ear
| - attenuating loud and damaging sounds
37
Function of inner ear
transduce the mechanical energy from the middle ear into a form of energy that can be interpreted by the brain
reports info regarding the body’s position and movement in a bioelectrical code
38
To maintain the balance, the input to the cerebellum comes from
1. Visual system (eyes)
2. Proprioceptive (muscles & tendons)
3. Vestibular (gravity & inertia)
39
2 membranous sacs in the vestibule
Utricle and saccule
40
Which sac is smaller
Saccule
41
Location of the end organ
Utricle @ the bottom
| Saccule on the side
42
The utriculosaccular mechanism is responsible for interpreting ….. acceleration/ velocity
linear
43
The semicircular canals are responsible for interpreting ….. acceleration/ velocity
angular
44
If the vestibular mechanism is damaged,
Vertigo
45
Patients with vertigo experience
the sensation of whirling or spinning
46
2 portions in the inner ear
1. Vestibular portion
| 2. Auditory portion
47
The vestibular portion is responsible for
Balance
48
The auditory portion of the inner ear is
Cochlea
49
The inner & outer hair cells are separated by …..
Corti’s arch
50
What is cochlear duct
Scalamedia
51
How does blood supply & nerve supply enter the organ of Corti?
modiolus
52
The osseous spinal lamina divides cochlea into
Scala vestibuli & scala tympani
53
Osseous/ bony labyrinth
- osseous vestibule
- osseous semicircular canals
- osseous cochlear labyrinth
- membranous labyrinth
54
Where is osseous vestibule?
embedded within petrous portion of temporal bone
55
Epithelial lining in osseous vestibule secretes ……
Perilymph
56
Anterior canals sense movement of …..
head toward the shoulder - head tilt
57
Posterior canals sense
movement of head when nodding
58
Horizontal canals sense movement of
head when shaking or rotation
59
Communicate btw scala tympani & middle ear
Round window
60
Communicate between scala vestibuli & middle ear space
Oval window
61
Connects upper duct & subarchnoid space
Cochlear aqueduct
62
Membranous labyrinth is filled with
endolymph
63
the sense of hearing -
Cochlea
64
sense of balance
semicircular canals
65
Organ of Corti has ….. rows of outer cells
3 rows (12,000 cells)
66
Organ of Corti has …
1 row of inner hair cells (3,500 cells)
67
…… seperate inner & outer cells
Tunnel of Corti
68
Inner hair cells innervated by
many nerve fibers
69
Outer hair cells innervated by
1 nerve fiber
70
CPA or cerebellopontine angle include
Cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata @ brainstem
71
Type of speech stimuli for SRT
spondaic words (bisyllabic words)
72
Type of speech stimuli for WDS
monosyllabic words
73
Conductive hearing loss
impaired AC
| normal BC
74
Sensorineural hearing loss
Both AC and BC are impaired
| within 10 dB diff. @each frequency
75
Mixed hearing loss
Both impaired but AC is higher than BC for 10 dB
76
Test which ear first
better
77
describe which ear first
worse ear first
78
mild hearing loss is around
20-40 dB
79
moderate hearing loss
41-70 dB HL
80
Severe hearing loss is around
70-90 dB
81
profound hearing loss
90-120 dB
82
lower frequency > …… wavelength
longer
83
when to mask AC
AC(te) - BC(nte) > or equal to 40
84
When to mask BC
ABG(te) > 10 dB
85
initial level of noise for AC masking
AC(nte) > 10 dB
86
You get the plateau when
get 3 responses in 3 constant increases of noise
87
Cross hearing for AC will occur when
AC(te) - IA >or equal to BC(nte)
88
Plateau: raise 5dB of noise
if there’s a response
89
Plateau: raise 5 dB of signal
if there’s no response
90
BC initial level
AC(nte) + 10dB + OE
91
OE is most evident from ….. Hz
250-1000 Hz
92
OE @ 250Hz
20dB
93
OE @ 500 Hz
15dB
94
OE @ 1000 Hz
10dB
95
Type of noise (masker) for AC
narrowband
96
Type of noise (masker) for BC
narrowband
97
Which placement of bone oscillator is most reliable
Forehead
98
Type of noise for SRT
broadband (speech)
99
when to mask SRT
when SRT(te) - best BC(nte) >or equal to 40
100
initial noise level for SRT
SRT (nte) + 10 dB
101
You can get the plateau for all except
WDS or WRS
| Word recognition
102
What type of test is Word recognition?
supra-threshold
103
When to mask Word recognition?
PL(te) -best BC (nte) >equal to 40
104
What is the value to add to SRT to get PL?
25-40 dB
105
Initial level for word recognition
PL(te) - 20 dB
106
Red circle represents
right ear (unmasked)
107
Red triangle represents
right ear (masked)
108
Blue cross represents
left ear (unmasked)
109
Blue square represents
Left ear (masked)
110
Half diamonds
bone (unmasked)
111
Half squares represent
BC (masked)
112
How can you find PTA?
3 thresholds @500, 1000 and 2000Hz divided by 3
113
SRT or SDT that is higher?
SRT is higher but not exceed 12 dB
114
What is SAT?
Speech awareness threshold a.k.a. SDT
115
SDT stands for
Speech detection threshold
116
SDT speech stimuli
Cold running speech
117
SRT speech stimuli
Spondaic words
118
WDS stands for
Word recognition score (%)
119
Speech stimuli for WRS
monosyllabic words
120
SRT is around
+/- 5 dB HL re: PTA
121
Is there carrier phrase for WDS?
Yes
122
Is there carrier phrase for SRT?
no
123
PB max is
Patients’ best discrimination score
124
PB max is around
25-40 dB SL, re: SRT
125
MCL starts at
10-20 dB
126
Normally, MCL is around
30-40 dB SL, re: SRT
127
UCL is
Uncomfortable loudness
128
UCL starts at
MCL (+5dB)
129
Dynamic range
UCL-SRT
130
Usable range is around
UCL - MCL
131
Knowing Dynamic range and Usuable range is important for
hearing aid fitting
132
What unites symmetrical portions of its 2 halves (brain)?
Commissures
133
Wwhat is the 1st relay station for neural activity?
The superior olivary complex
134
What is the 2nd relay station?
the medial geniculate body (thalamus)
135
The neural activity from the cochlea is sent through …. to the base of the brain
Type 1 auditory nerve fibers from inner hair cells & auditory nerve
136
The neural activity will arrive @ ….. after the cochlea
Cochlear nuclei
137
Cochlear nuclei > ……
The superior olivary complex or trapezoid body
138
Where is trapezoid body
In the pons
139
The superior olivary cortex >
Lateral lemniscus
140
Lateral lemniscus >
Inferior colliculus in the midbrain
141
The inferior colliculus >
Medial geniculate body (thalamus)
142
Medial geniculate body >
Auditory cortex
143
Lateral lemniscus is
A major pathway for the transmission of impulses from the ipsilateral lower brainstem
144
The superior olivary complex functions
sense the direction of a sound source by analyzing small differences in time or intensity
The reflex activity of the tensor tympani & stapedius muscles of the middle ear
145
The medial geniculate body >
Auditory cortex
146
Where is auditory cortex?
The temporal lobe of the cerebrum
- superior temporal gyrus
- Helschl’s gyrus
147
insular lobe is responsible for
the temporal aspects of sound
148
Parietal is responsible for
Sound + past experiences
149
Frontal
Memory of sounds
150
afferent pathways
Cochlea > brain
151
Efferent pathway
- inhabiting feedback by elevating thresholds of neurons @ lower stations
- excitatory function
