Midterm Flashcards

Question

Leukocytes

Answer 1

WBCs Granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes

Answer 2

BEN EATS GRANOLA Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils Relatively small, multilobed nucleous and a large amt of cytoplasm which contains large granules that are actually lysosomes filled with digestive enzymes Can crawl through tissues-\> diapedesis And swallow microbes-\> phagocytosis Main cells in acute inflammation and allergic reactions Constitute 70% of circulating WBCs

Answer 3

Main inflammatory cells in acute inflammation Main task is phagocytosis Chemical messenger molecules that communicate to nearby cells or distant organs 67% of WBCs

Answer 4

Less than 3% of WBCs Principal inflammatory cells in parasitic infections Also attracted to allergic reactions

Answer 5

Less than 1% of WBCs Their blue purple granules contain histamine, responsible for local signs of allergic reactions: swelling, itching, vascular congestion, and mucus production Similar features as the mast cell During allergic reactions, they attract other inflammatory cells, including large numbers of eosinophils

Answer 6

Make up 25% of WBCs B and T cells Main cells of the immune system for chronic inflammation

Answer 7

5% of circulating WBCs Macrophages Large cells with large nucleus and modest amt of cytoplasm with small granules Monocytes are made in the bone marrow migrate into tissues and then mature into macrophages Phagocytic

Answer 8

Fragments of cytoplasm of megakaryocytes- bone marrow cell Important in blood clotting and inflammation

Answer 9

Chemical mediator Signals that act back on the generating cell Cell signaling TO ITSELF

Answer 10

Molecules are released by nearby cells that act on nearby cells

Answer 11

Molecules released into the blood stream to act on distant cells

Answer 12

Follows brief injury, and lasts a few hours to days Usually from microbial infection- especially bacterial, physical or chemical injury, some immune reactions such as skin rash or poison Ivey Characterized by vascular dilation, accumulation of edema and inflammation of neutrophils and usually resolves without scarring

Answer 13

1) before injury 2) immediate vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation 3) vascular wall becomes leaky and endothelial cells become sticky (WBCs adhere to sticky walls) 4) neutrophils migrate through the gaps between endothelial cells 5) Exudate accumulates

Answer 14

Heat Redness Swelling Pain Loss of function Also, usually lasts 72 hrs

Answer 15

Occurs with persistent injury, usually not severe enough to cause necrosis - persistent infection - autoimmune disease - persistent exposure to injurious agents An abundance of lymphocytes and macrophages. Few or no neutrophils, attempted regeneration of destroyed cells, scarring, and a rich supply of blood vessels A mixture of ongoing inflammation and healing

Answer 16

Special kind of chronic inflammation Sheets of macrophages aggregate around a central group of necrotic cells or an infectious microorganism to form tiny inflammatory nodules called granulomas Features mulinucleated giant cells

Answer 17

C-reactive protien Made by the liver Reliable marker of inflammation

Answer 18

Narrow wounds with closely approximated edges Usually heal in less than a week, leave a smaller scar

Answer 19

Deep skin burns or large intestinal ulcers Broad wounds with widely separated margins Take several weeks to heal, leave a larger scar

Answer 20

Gel like change in blocks of freshly dead cells Most common type and occurs in infarcts Coagulative, to convert fluid into soldi mass

Answer 21

Dead tissue dissolved into fluid Dead cells are situated or dissolved Bacterial infection “Pus” or abscess

Answer 22

Variant of coagulative necrosis with limited liquefaction and obliterated cellular detail The most common cause is TB infection Cheesy

Answer 23

Specialized form of liquefactive necrosis that occurs only in fat especially common around the pancreas

Answer 24

Hyperplastic scar that is prominent, raised, or modular Not neoplasticism, and rarely anything more than a cosmetic problem

Answer 25

Highly vascular collection of persistent granulation tissue

Answer 26

Present from birth and consists of cellular and molecular defense capabilities that have evolved ability to attack any non-self nonself substance Response is quick and broad. The inflammatory response is an important element of innate immunity

Answer 27

Slower, more programmable system that interacts with invading non self material

Answer 28

Any substance capable of inciting an adaptive immune response, almost all antigens are non-self proteins though few other large nonself molecules are capable of stimulating an adaptive immune response

Answer 29

Molecule that illicit an immune response when coupled with a carrier protein

Answer 30

The initial reaction to an antigen, adaptive immunity takes about a week because the immune system has not encountered the antigen in question

Answer 31

Much quicker, subsequent exposures | (Vaccinations)

Answer 32

Phagocytic cells derived from blood monocytes Circulate freely in the blood into all the tissues, where they roam widely and acquire a colossal appetite for ingesting and destroying microbes and other nonself antigens Microglia=brain Kupffer=liver

Answer 33

Second variety of tissue macrophage, which can evolve from monocytes or lymphocytes They remain fixed in place Concentrated in lymphoid organs in tissue exposed to the environment- skin, lunging of respiratory tract, and lining of the GI tract

Answer 34

Dendritic cells and macrophages Capture antigens and prepare them for representation to t lymphocytes

Answer 35

The smallest and most abundant immunoglobulin in blood, main duty is to neutralize microorganisms. Produced rather slowly and persists a very long time. It confers permanent immunity against reinfection

Answer 36

The most abundant, especially in the GI tract and respiratory membranes, which are open to the environment and exposed to many microorganisms. It also is present in high concentration in tears and in the milk of nursing mothers- which temporarily gives the baby mothers immunity

Answer 37

Is the largest immunoglobulin, hence its alternative name, macroglobulin. It attacks microorganisms and is produced rapidly, providing initial protection while IgG production is getting underway, after which levels fall markedly

Answer 38

Does not appear in blood. It is bound exclusively to the cell membranes of B cells and participates in the process of activating B cells to recognize antigen and undergo clinal expansion

Answer 39

Appears in blood in only trace amounts. The bulk of it attaches to mast cells, the tissue version of basophils. It is important in allergic reactions such as hay fever or skin allergies

Answer 40

Or delayed immunity T cell immunity

Answer 41

B cell system

Answer 42

Effector cells of cellular adaptive immunity. They target and destroy cells that the immune system identified as containing alien antigen, wither a ca cell or cell affected by virus CD8, interact with type I MHC

Answer 43

Facilitate the immune activity’s of B cells and other T cells. CD4+ These cells interact with type II MHC display

Answer 44

Modulate the immune response to shut down the immune response after successful defense to maintain immune homeostasis and prevent development of autoimmune disease

Answer 45

Enable the cellular immune system to mount a rapid secondary immune response

Answer 46

Glycoproteins display antigens synthesized in size virus infected or cancerous cell “This cell is like me, don’t kill me” or “alien antigen present inside; kill me”

Answer 47

Complexes which are present on the surfaces of macrophages and dendritic cells, whose job is to capture and display external nonself antigen. Like holding up a wanted poster “dangerous invader looks like this, go find it and kill it”

Answer 48

Is any substance capable of inciting an adaptive immune response, almost all antigens are proteins. The term antigen is usually used in stream of protein when discussing immunity

Answer 49

Reaction that occurs within a few minutes after an antigen combines with performed antibody created by B cells from an earlier exposure The earlier episode is called a sensitizing exposure which igE antibodies are secreted by B cells attach to mast cells The initial episode produces no symptoms, but sets the stage for a rapid reaction on subsequent exposure -b cell mediated- IgE -most allergic disorders -systemic reactions include shock, suffocation, or death

Answer 50

Caused by b cell production of antibodies that react with antigens on the furnace membrane of cells or with extra cellular tissue components Normal self antigens become seen as nonself by the immune system and become targets for immune attack Mediated by IgG and IgM that form antigen antibody complexes on the cell surface - B cell mediated -Myasthenia Travis -blood transfusion reactions, hemolytic anemia

Answer 51

An immune reaction of B cells in which free/soluble antigen and antibody combine to form an immune complex that deposits in tissue, damaging it and inciting an inflammatory reaction - b cell mediated - uses compliment system - can be systemic hypersensitivity - mediated by immune complexes - autoimmune pneumonia is (farmers lung) - serum sickness, necrotizing vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, RA and SLE

Answer 52

Cellular (delayed) hypersensitivity Different from the other types because it is a T cell reaction No antibodies are produced and the clinical reaction is delayed a few days after antigen contact -TB -contact dermatitis- poison ivy, latex gloves, and metallic jewelry -DM, RA, MS, crohns disease -transplant rejection

Answer 53

ACID Allergic Cytotoix Immune complex deposition Delayed (cell mediated)

Answer 54

Type B and O

Answer 55

A, B, AB, O Universal recipient

Answer 56

RH - only!

Answer 57

Production of antibodies by ones own immune system such as B cell immunity (endogenous)

Answer 58

Antibodies transferred passively to confer temporary immunity as in the case of antibody injections to prevent infection

Answer 59

Molecules corrupted form of normal brain protein. Very small They have no dna or metabolism, they reproduce only by producing more corrupted proteins, much as snowflake Mad cow disease

Answer 60

A component of the cell membrane released as the bacterial organism dies Can cause a form of vascular collapse called endotoxic shock

Answer 61

A product synthesized and excreted by the bacterium (exotoxin) Living bacteria secretes into the medium which they grow- I.e food powering

Answer 62

Staphylococci and streptococci

Answer 63

gram positive anaerobic bacilli c difficil c perfirimins c tetani c botulinism

Answer 64

gram positive bacillus that grows at refrigerator temperature and causes food borne infections through contaminated products causes bacteremia, meningitis, encephalitis, and dermatitis pregnant women and the elderly are especially vulnerable

Answer 65

gram negative cocci causes meningitis vaccination headache, nausea, vomiting, malaise, rash, multple organ failure, shock, dic

Answer 66

GNR opportunistic pathogen frequency causes hospital acquired infections

Answer 67

GN, short bacillus that is the agent of pertussis or whooping cough, highly communicable disease of children featuring paroxysms of severe coughing accompanies by a final inspiratory whistle- the whoop

Answer 68

"acid fast" tuberculosis(TB) occurs commonly in the lungs and usually features a period of latency, sometimes for many years following initial infection -cheesy caseous necrosis -lesions of secondary TB are characterized by granulomatous inflammation

Answer 69

initial lung lesion in TB, may be associated with similar lesions in infected mediastinal (hilar) lymph nodes- a combination known as ghon complex

Answer 70

usually occurs in children, immunodeficient and elderly. occurs as extensive pulmonary tb which sometimes is associated with widespread blood borne spread to other organs. pathological appearance is known as milary tb because the various organs contain lots of tiny whitish lesions that look like millet seeds

Answer 71

reactivation tb, accounts for about 95% of clinical TB caseating granulomas arises in previously infected and sensitized person in whom the initial infection was contained by the immune system A. reactivation TB, arises from dormant primary TB B. patient has developed a chronic, debilitating disease such as diabetes, chronic lung disease, or malignancy 4. The lesions of secondary TB are characterized by granulomatous inflammation

Answer 72

A. the initial infection of TB B. ghon tubercle- the initial lung lesion, may also be associated with similar lesions in infected mediastinal lymph nodes ( the combination of these two is ghon compelx)

Answer 73

usually asymptomatic except in 5% of patients whom are immunocompromised

Answer 74

weight loss, fatigue, low grade fever, poor appetite cough begins to produce sputum, which may be bloody

Answer 75

skin test for infection of both latent and active cases of TB- not diagnostic of active disease only the induration is measured, not the erythemia type IV hypersenitivity

Answer 76

infected mothers can infect the fetus as it passes thought the vaginal canal s/s urethritis, proctitis, pharyngitis females-usually symptomatic but can lead to PID and infertility

Answer 77

ameba like organism present normally in the vagina of about 10% healthy women. new infection in either sex are usually asymptomatic. s.s.- females- vaginitis, males- urethritis, balancitis tx special antimicrobials

Answer 78

behaves much the same as gonorrhea women can be asymptomatic carriers

Answer 79

untreated develops in four stages: primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary the hallmark lesion of primary syphilis is the chancer, a hard moist painless ulcer

Answer 80

lesions: condyloma acuminatum and squamous carcinoma vaccination=prevention

Answer 81

family of over 100 varieties that are the cause of about half of all cases of the common cold. mode of transmission is usually person to person, droplet possible but less important

Answer 82

infects the upper respiratory tract causing tonsillitis, similar to strep throat, discussed below, often presents in combination with conjunctivitis may also cause sever respiratory infections, including croup, bronchiolitis, pna, eat infections or gastroenteritis

Answer 83

spread thru respiratory droplets or less often by direct contact type types, a and b type a is generally worse

Answer 84

major cause of lower respiratory tract infections during infancy and childhood the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pna in children under one year of age

Answer 85

the most common cause of severe diarrhea among infants and young children

Answer 86

causes 90% of nonbacterial outbreaks of epidemic gastroenteritis around the world older children and adults are most often affected transmitted by fecally contaminated food or water by person to person contact and aerosolization 24-4 hours of nausea, abd pain, vomiting, watery diarrhea

Answer 87

pushes fluid the pressure caused by the weight of the fluid

Answer 88

pulls fluid a measure of the tendency of water to move by osmosis from an area of high water (low solute) concentration across a semipermeable membrane to an area of low water concentration (high solute)

Answer 89

increment of pressure created by resistance to the flow of fluid in a closed system like plumbing pipes or the cardiovascular system i.e blood pressure

Answer 90

inflammatory edema with high protein content created by vascular permeability of inflammation, which allows protein to leak through capillary walls does not pit

Answer 91

low protein edema caused by pressure imbalance either increased capillary fluid pressure or decreased plasma osmotic pressure can cause accumulation of transudate if the net movement of water exceeds lymphatic drainage PITTING EDEMA

Answer 92

leads to sodium and water reabsorption back into the circulation and potassium and hydrogen secretion to be lost in the urine

Answer 93

converted from angiotensin I by ACE (acetylcholinesterase- an enzyme made in the lungs) which increases blood pressure by: - increasing both peripheral resistance and cardiac output - simulates the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex (a steroid that acts upon the kidney to retain sodium and water, which expands blood volume and therefore cardiac output) - pituitary gland increases AHD secretion= water absorption

Answer 94

begins when plasma or platelets contact something they should not: extravascular tissue or foreign surface extravascular, platelet plug, fills hole, stops bleeding forms quickly normal physiologic mechanism for hemostasis 1)injury 2)temporary vasoconstriction occurs 3) blood contact coagulation cascade activated; platelets accumulate 4) platelet plug forms, fibrin polymerizes from fibrinogen 55) clot forms, bleeding stops

Answer 95

initiated when coagulation factor VII comes into contact with tissue factor in the extravascular tissue takes about 30 seconds to occur PT

Answer 96

pathway is initiated when coagulation factor XII comes into contact with a foreign substance such as glass or plastic happening inside of the blood takes about 4-6 minutes to occur PTT

Answer 97

must be used to produce factors II, VII, IX, X

Answer 98

collection of cellular elements of blood (plts, wbcs, rbcs) that form only under certain pathologic conditions ◦ requires ‣ endothelial injury ‣ abnormal local blood flow (stasis or turbulence) ‣ hypercoagulability

Answer 99

◦ immune system destroys its own platelets ◦ platlets become coated in antiplatelet antibodies and are quickly removed by the spleen ◦ buisability, epitaxis, bleeding gums, or unusual bleeding after minor trauama ◦ tx-\> steroids, splenectomy curative

Answer 100

◦ thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) ‣ likely to occur in adults with neurologic symptoms, renal failure is less likely ◦ Hemolytic uremic syndrome ◦ more likely to occur in children who have renal failure and few neurologic symptoms ‣ HUS strongly associated with gastroenteritis caused by certain strains of e coli

Answer 101

◦ deficiency of von willebrand factor, a coagulation factor made by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes ◦ lack of vWF interferes with platelet adhesion to the endothelium ◦ inherited disorder

Answer 102

◦ inherited (usually from mothers, unaffected carriers, X linked gene defect) ◦ occurs almost exclusively in males ◦ normal plt and bleeding time ◦ partial thromboplastin time is prolonged because factor VIII is in the intrinsic pathway ◦ periodic tranfusion with factor VIII

Answer 103

◦ clinically similar to classic hemophilia but much less common ◦ caused by X factor linked recessive gene defect and it has test abnormalities similar to hemophilia (factor VIII deficiency)

Answer 104

• petechia ◦ smallest hemorrhages about 1mm visible in skin or mucous membranes ◦ buccal or conjunctival mucosal petechiae are usually associated with platelet disorders ◦ thrombocytopenia • purpura is hemorrhage \<1cm • ecchymosis hemorrhage \>1cm • hematoma is a large collection of blood • capillary bleeding is most often resulting from a low platelet count ◦ presents as skin/mucosal petechiae, nosebleed, and urinary bleeding

Answer 105

factor V leiden SLE

Answer 106

◦ underfilled vascular space ◦ hemorrhage ◦ fluid loss ◦ vasodilation ‣ anaphylaxis ◦ acute paralyzing spinal cord injury (neurogenic shock)

Answer 107

◦ pump failure ◦ MI, myocardial disease ◦ cardiac muscle lacks the mechanical power to maintain blood pressure

Answer 108

◦ mechanical interference with cardiac output ◦ cardiac tamponade ‣ blood accumulation in the pericardium which prevents cardiac filling

Answer 109

◦ associated with systemic microbial infection ◦ high morality ◦ toxic molecules from microbes ◦ inflammatory mediators ◦ damaged endothelium-\> DIC hemorrhage

Answer 110

◦ nonprogessive stage ‣ reflex actions to reestablish perfusion ‣ tachycardia-\> increases cardiac output ‣ systemic vasoconstriction (mainly in skin and extremities) ◦ progressive stage ‣ characterized by more severe hypo perfusion and metabolic imbalances ‣ anaerobic metabolism producing lactic acid excess (lactic acidosis)-\> vasodilation and pooling of blood in extremities • depriving brain and abdominal viscera ◦ irreversible stage ‣ progressive severe hypotension, hypoperfusion, and acidosis ‣ decreased myocardial contractility ‣ leakage of blood inflammatory mediators from dying cells ‣ multiorgan failure-\>death

Answer 111

na+ \>145 intracellular dehydration, convulsions, pulmonary edema, hypotension, tachycardia - fever, flushed skin, restlessness/ irritability), increased fluid retention and increased BP, edema, decreased urine output, dry mouth dehydrations, pure water deficits, increased renal free water clearance (weakness, thirst, agitation)

Answer 112

serium sodium \<135 sodium deficits cause plasma hyposmolality and cellular swelling -pure sodium loss -dilutional hyponatremia - SIADH s/s lethargy, confusion, decreased reflexes, sz, muscle twitches, ha and coma neuromuscular irritability (decreased blood pressure, muscle cramps, headaches, seizers)

Answer 113

cl follows na+ usually the result of hyponatremia or elevated bicarbonate ion develops as the reuslt of vomiting or loss of hcl

Answer 114

hydrogen ions accumulate in the ECF during states of acidosis, k+ shifts out of the cell to maintain a balance of cations across the membrane

Answer 115

membrane hyperpolarization causes a decrease in neurmuscular excitability skeletal muscle weakness smooth muscle atony cardiac dysrhythmias -alkalosis, shallow respirations, irritability, confusion drowsiness, weakness, arrhythmias, lethargy, thready pulse, intestinal motility decrease, nausea/ vomiting/ ilius (arrhythmias, fatigue, weakness, and paresthesias-numbness and tingleing)

Answer 116

slow heart rate, weakness, paralysis, and sensory paresthesias increased neuromuscular irritability flaccid paralysis, bradycardia in severe cases increased resting membrane potential with increased excitability of cardiac muscle

Answer 117

positive and hypocalcemia Trousseau's sign refers to the involuntary contraction of the muscles in the hand and wrist (i.e., carpopedal spasm) that occurs after the compression of the upper arm with a blood pressure cuff.

Answer 118

The Chvostek sign is a clinical finding associated with hypocalcemia, or low levels of calcium in the blood. This clinical sign refers to a twitch of the facial muscles that occurs when gently tapping an individual's cheek, in front of the ear.

Answer 119

muscle fasciculations or tetany, increased reflexes, paresthesias, abdominal cramps, heart arrhythmias trousseaus and chvosteks sign

Answer 120

◦ hypercalcemia ‣ most common cause is slight hyperparathyroidsm which increases blood pth ‣ malignancy, metastatic to bone, may dissolve bone releasing large volumes of calcium into blood ‣ Fatigue, lethargy, depression, kidney stones, arrhythmias, bone fractures = hypercalcemia

Answer 121

have an inverse relationship increases in Ca, decrease phosphate

Answer 122

malabsorption syndromes increased renal excretion of phosphate is associated with hyperparathyroidism severe cases- irritability, confusion, numbness, coma, convulsions, possibly respiratory failure, cardiomyopathies, bone resorption

Answer 123

same as hypocalemia, kidney failure -symptoms related to low serum calcium levels

Answer 124

(lethargy, tremor, tetany, arrhythmias, and sz. ) behavioral changes, irritability, increased reflexes, muscle cramps, ataxia, nystagmus, tetany, convulsions, tachycardia, hypotenison, tetany - increased excitability

Answer 125

hypotension, depressed respirations, arrhythmias, or cardiac arrest loss of DTR, skeletal smooth msucle contraction, nausea and vomiting, muscle weakness, hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory distress

Answer 126

mean cell volume average size of an rbc

Answer 127

the average amount of hemoglobin int he average RBC

Answer 128

mean cell hemoglobin concentration the average concentration of hemoglobin per unit of volume in an average RBC is the mean cell hemoglobin concentration

Answer 129

RBCs sickle, and become inflexible, sticky which form plugs in arterioles and capillaries crisis =presence of trigger (hypoxia, dehydration, infection ect.)

Answer 130

vaso-occlusive crisis that occurs in the pulmonary vasculature of sickle cell disease new inflitration on CXR + cough, wheezing, CP, tachynpea, or fever

Answer 131

characterized by an acute drop in hemoglobin level and a markedly reduced number of reticulocytes in the blood -caused by infection -rapid drop in hgb management is with blood transfusion

Answer 132

microcytic, hypochromic, hemolytic anemia group of inherited microcytic hmolytic diseases that tend to occur most comonly in people of mediterranean and southeast asian orgin most severe form is beta thalassemia major (homozygus) **-lack of function hemoglobin** -rbcs do not develop normally -shortage of mature RBCs -microcytic anemia develops

Answer 133

IgG most active at normal body temperature symptoms of warm antibody hemolysis tend to be due to anemia, mild splenomegaly is common

Answer 134

IgM most active at lower temperatures and are precipitated by exposure to cold. symptoms of hemolysis are usually sudden and may be severe: back or leg pain, fever, vomiting/ diahrea, and passage of dark brown urine (hemoglobinuria)

Answer 135

microcytic and hypochromic red cells, smaller than nucleous of a lymphocyte decreased serum Fe, transferrin saturations, increased TIBC, decreased serum Ferritin decreased Hb, MCV, increased RDW

Answer 136

an iron protein complex found in the bone marrow, liver, spleen, and skeletal muscle

Answer 137

iron is transported from one place to another bound to a special protein called transferrin measured by testing the ability of transferrin to bind to iron and is expressed as total iron binding capacity (TIBC)

Answer 138

``` big rbcs! result from b23 or folic acid deficiency inturuption of intrinsic factor required for b12 absorption pernicious anemia (caused by absence of intrinsic factor) ```

Answer 139

redblood cell distribution width variations in sizes of RBCs (tend to be high is iron deficiency anemia)

Answer 140

left shift: an increased number of band neutrophils is referred to clinically as left shift 1. band neutrophil- the least mature wbc found in the blood, banana shaped nucleus 2. "shift towards immaturity" leukmoid reqaction

Answer 141

relatively high WBC count over \>50,000 in conjunction with a left shift of “band neutrophils” immature

Answer 142

an increase number of lymphocytes in the blood, usually due to viral infection

Answer 143

acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

Answer 144

• chronic myeloproliferative syndromes ◦ chronic myeloid leukemia- malignant granulocytes predominate ◦ polycythemia vera (PV) rare condition but the most common of the myeloproliferative disorders ‣ malignant transformation of the red cell progenitor cells caused by a specific mutation ‣ increased RBC counts, wbc/ plt counts are often high as well ◦ malignant thrombocythemia ‣ essential thrombocythemia is a rare myeloproliferative syndrome that occurs when malignant progenitor cells develop towards megakaryocytes • plt count is high, dx is one of exclusion of leukemia, polycythemia, and myelofibrosis ◦ primary myelofibrosis ‣ nonmalignant obliteration of normal bone marrow by fiberous tissue (myelophthesis)

Answer 145

• ALL, acute lymphoid lymphoblastic leukemia ◦ malignant proliferation of immature lymphocyte precurors, suually b cells, and is the mot common malignancy of children ◦ accumulation of immature blasts in bone marrow that crowd out normal hematopoisesis • CLL chronic lympoid lymphocytic leukemia and SLL small-cell lympjhocytic lymphoma ◦ different expressons of teh same disease and are often reffered to as CLL/SLL ‣ number of lymphocytes in blood • few in SLL • many in CLL ◦ CLL ‣ malignant proliferation of mature b cells that accounts for the about on third of all leukemias, therefore the most common leukemia in the western world ‣ onset slow, most patients are asymptomatic

Answer 146

‣ distinctive microscopic appearence, tends to arise in a single lymph node and spreads slowly in a steo like fashion to adjacent nodes, and is curable in most instances ‣ usually presents as cerbical lymphadenopathy ‣ defective cell-mediated t cell immunity and associated infections ‣ reed-sternberg cell- malignant cell of HL ‣ nodular sclerosing hodkin lymohoma- varient that counts for 70% of cases

Answer 147

‣ about 80% of NHL are malignant tumors of b lymphocytes ‣ can arise in not only lymph nodes but other organs such as brain, bone, or bowel ‣ follicular lymphoma- follicular microscopic appearance • less aggressive ‣ diffuse lymphoma • grow in uniform microscopic pattern without follicles • occur mainly in people over 60 years old, but there are two notable age exceptions: childhood and lymphomas associated with aids

Answer 148

malignant neoplasm of plasma cells that features multiple bone lesions ‣ solitary myeloma may precede multiple myeloma for many years

Answer 149

a. half protein and half lipid b. "helpful" cholesterol c. associated with lower risk of vascular disease

Answer 150

about 22% protein, most of their lipid is cholesterol a. "lousy" cholesterol, promotes vascular disease b. high LDL causes atherosclerosis desirable \<100

Answer 151

about 10% protein, most of their lipid is triglycerides with smaller amts of phospholipid and cholesterol

Answer 152

HDL+LDL+VLDl desirable \<200

Answer 153

lifestyle disease associated with unhealthful diet, obesity, smoking, lack of exercise. characterized by fatty deposits in the arterial wall. the basic lesion is an atheroma

Answer 154

95% of htn, unknown cuase, no underlying disease can be blamed. genetics, kidneys (RASS), high na+ intake, obesity/activity level/stress/ smoking

Answer 155

5% due to underlying disease - renal disease (renal artery stenosis/athrosclerosis-increased renin) - steroid hormon excess (cushings)

Answer 156

narrowing of arteriolar lumen and waxy (hyline) degnerative changes in the arteriolar wall

Answer 157

occurs in severe htn, onion like hyperplasia in the arteriolar wall

Answer 158

* endothelial injury * lipid accumulation * influx of smooth muscle cells and macrophages * young atheroma * old atheroma- there for good

Answer 159

dilation of an artery or heart chamber due to the weakness of the wall -associated with htn and late sphilis

Answer 160

E. vascular dissection- longitudinal tearing within the wall of an artery, most often the aorta caused by blood that enters the wall through a defect in the lining- usually a tear or ulceration in an atheroma -usually predisposed by HTN or marfan/ehlers-danlos syndrome

Answer 161

chronic granulomatous inflammation of large and medium sized arteries HAs, scalp tenderness, visual or neuroloigcal problems, paoin in jaw muscles during chewing, fever

Answer 162

◦ takaysu arteritis characterized by granulomatous inflammation in the aorta and its main branches

Answer 163

affects small and medium size vessels in the hands and feet. common in young heavy cigarette smokers

Answer 164

autoimmune diseases of small and medium size muscular arteries- tend to affect kidneys and abdominal viscera

Answer 165

‣ important cause of acquired heart disease in children because of its predilection to affect coronary arteries ‣ also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, fevers conjunctivitis oral ulcers, redness of palps and soles, rash, lymphadenopathy

Answer 166

hypersensitivity vasculitis

Answer 167

vasculitis affected small to medium size arteries in the nose, throat, sinuses, lungs, and kidneys of middle-aged men

Answer 168

benign, small, red-blood filled lesions composed of capillary size blood vessels

Answer 169

malignant tumor often found in aids patients caused by HHV8

Answer 170

small nodular collection of inflamed capillaries usually found on the skin e.i the healing umbilical stump of a newborn or in the oral cavity

Answer 171

collections of lymphatic capillaries, less common than hemangioma usually benign and found in subcutaneous tissues of head and neck

Answer 172

rare malignant tumor of vascular endothelial cells that occurs most frequently in the skin, breast tissue, soft tissue, and liver

Answer 173

troponin rises within 4-6 hours, peaks 10-24 hrs, detected for up to 10-14 days CK, CK-MB is cardiac specific, rises within 3-6hours, peaks at 12-24 hours, returns to baseline within 12-48 hours

Midterm Flashcards

(203 cards)