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Bio 1406 > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

cells are _______

A

characteristic of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms

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2
Q

in comparison to eukaryotes, prokaryotes _______.

A

are smaller

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3
Q

a localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is called a _____.

A

population

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4
Q

when your body temperature rises on a hot day, the neural and hormonal mechanisms activate sweating. evaporation of sweat leads to cooling of the body surface. this is an example of _______.

A

negative feedback regulation

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5
Q

characters are transmitted from parents to offspring. _______ are the units of inheritance.

A

genes

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6
Q

the process by which the information in a gene direct the synthesis of a protein is called _____.

A

gene expression

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7
Q

which branch of biology is concerned with the naming and classifying of organisms?

A

taxonomy

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8
Q

you are suffering from Streptococcus throat infection. you share the following with the bacteria that is responsible for your condition.

A

you both are made up of cells

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9
Q

How does a scientific theory differ from a scientific hypothesis?

A

theories are usually an explanation for a more general phenomenon; hypotheses typically address more specific issues

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10
Q

the best experimental design _______.

A

includes a large sample size and a control, and alters only one condition between the controls and the experimental condition

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11
Q

a controlled experiment ______.

A

includes at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment

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12
Q

all the organisms on your campus make up _____.

A

a community

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13
Q

A controlled experiment is one that

A

test experimental and control groups in parallel

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14
Q

why is a scientific topic best discussed by people of varying points of view, from different subdisciplines, and representing diverse cultures?

A

robust and critical discussion between diverse groups improved scientific thinking

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15
Q

trace elements are those required by an organism in only minute quantities. which of the following in a trace element that is required by humans and other vertebrates, but not by other organisms such as bacteria or plants?

A

iodine

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16
Q

atoms have no electric charge because they have _______.

A

an equal number of protons and electrons

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17
Q

an ion with 6 protons, 7 neutrons, and a charge of 2+ has an atomic number of _____.

A

6

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18
Q

a(n) ______ has charge but negligible mass, whereas a(n) ______ has mass but no charge.

A

electron; neutron

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19
Q

the left to right order of elements in the periodic table is based on their _________

A

atomic number

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20
Q

a neutral atom has 2, 8, and 8 electrons in its 1st, 2nd, and 3rd energy levels. this information ________.

A

does not tell us about the atomic mass of the element

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21
Q

can the mass of an element vary?

A

yes. adding or losing neutrons will change the atomic mass without forming a different element

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22
Q

when are atoms most stable?

A

when all of the electron orbitals in the valence shell are filled

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23
Q

a salamander relies on hydrogen bonding to stick to various surfaces. therefore, a salamander would have the greatest difficulty clinging to a ________.

A

surface of hydrocarbons

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24
Q

bonds between two atoms that are equally electronegative are ________.

A

nonpolar covalent bonds

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25
what is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds?
covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between charged atoms
26
the atomic number of chlorine is 17. the atomic number of magnesium is 12. what is the formula for magnesium chloride?
MgCl2
27
Van der Waals interactions may result when _______.
electrons are not asymmetrically distributed in a molecule
28
you are asked to indicate the type and number of atoms in a molecule. which representation would work best?
molecular formula
29
in the term trace element, the adjective trace means that ______.
the element is required in very small amounts
30
the reactivity of an atom arises from _____.
the existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell.
31
the partial negative charge in a molecule of water occurs because ________.
the electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time around the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus
32
water molecules can form hydrogen bonds with ______.
compounds that have polar covalent bonds
33
water has many exceptional and useful properties. which is the rarest property among compounds?
solid water is less dense than liquid water
34
a dietary Calorie equals 1 kilocalorie. one kilocalorie equals ______.
1000 calories, or the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree C
35
hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are ______.
nonpolar substances that repel water molecules
36
melting of ice and thus reduced feeding opportunities for polar bears is occurring because of the _______.
increase in CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
37
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dissolves with the raindrops. the pH of raindrops is ________.
slightly acidic
38
which of the following is a hydrophobic material?
wax
39
measurements show that the pH of a particular lake is 4.0. what is the hydroxide ion concentration of the lake?
10^-10 M
40
the element present in all organic molecules is _______
carbon
41
the kind and number of bonds an atom can form depends on ________
its electron configuration
42
why is carbon so important in biology?
it can form a variety of carbon skeletons and host functional groups
43
how many electrons does one atom of carbon share to complete its valence shell?
4
44
why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?
the majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages
45
which 2 functional groups are always found in amino acids?
carboxyl and amino groups
46
amino acids are acids because they always possess _______ as the functional group?
carboxyl
47
organic chemistry is currently defined as
the study of carbon compounds
48
The difference between an aldose sugar and a ketose sugar is _________.
the position of the carbonyl group
49
what does the term insoluble fiber refer to on food packages?
cellulose
50
a molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a _________.
monosaccharide
51
in carbohydrates, the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is _______.
2:1
52
humans can digest starch but not cellulose because _________.
humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the alpha-glyosidic linkages of starch but not the bets-glyosidic linkages of cellulose
53
cooking oil and gasoline are not amphipathic molecules because they ___________.
do not have a polar or charged region
54
the label on a container of margarine lists "hydrogenated vegetable oil" as the major ingredient. hydrogenated vegetable oil ________
is solid at room temperature
55
the central rule of molecular biology states that ________.
DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into protein
56
one of the primary functions of RNA molecules is to _______.
function in the synthesis of proteins
57
if carbon-14 labeled uracil is added to the growth medium of cells, what macromolecules will be labeled?
RNA
58
you disrupt all hydrogen bonds in a protein. what level of structure will be preserved?
primary structure
59
which domains of life are classified as prokaryotes?
bacteria and archaea
60
which structure is common to plant and animal cells?
mitochondrion
61
what is the function of the nuclear pore complex found in eukaryotes?
it regulated the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus
62
a cell with a predominance of rough endoplasmic reticulum is most likely ________.
producing large quantities of proteins for secretion
63
which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?
central vacuole
64
which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?
mitochondrion
65
cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. if a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the bound cyanide is likely to be localized within the _______.
mitochondria
66
cilia and flagella bend because of __________.
a motor protein called dynein
67
cells require which of the following to form cilia or flagella?
tubulin
68
what is a primary function of integrins?
transmitting signals from the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton
69
in plant cells, the middle lamella __________.
glues adjacent cells together
70
the liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and, therefore, abundant in liver cells?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
71
for a protein to be an integral membrane protein, it would have to be _______.
amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region
72
a phospholipid bilayer with equal amounts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids displays a specific permeability to glucose. what effect will increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the bilayer have on the membrane's permeability to glucose?
permeability to glucose will increase
73
the membranes of winter wheat are able to remain fluid when it is extremely cold by ____________.
increasing the proportion of unsaturated phospholipids in the membrane
74
an animal cell lacking carbohydrates on the external surface of its plasma membrane would likely be impaired in which function?
cell-cell recognition
75
what kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?
small and hydrophobic
76
when a plant cell, such as one from a tulip leaf, is submerged in a hypertonic solution, what is likely to occur?
plasmolysis will shrink the interior of the cell
77
the sodium-potassium pump is called an electrogenic pump because it _________.
is used to drive the transport of glucose against a concentration gradient
78
the voltage across a membrane is called the _________.
membrane potential
79
diffusion of ions across membranes through specific ion channels is driven by ________.
ion electrochemical gradients
80
a decrease in entropy is associated with which type of reaction?
dehydration
81
a chemical reaction that has a positive △G is best described as _________.
endergonic
82
why do hydrolysis reactions occur more readily in solution than dehydration reactions?
hydrolysis reactions are exergonic and increase entropy of the system
83
which of the following molecules is most similar in structure to ATP?
an RNA nucleotide
84
when chemical, transport, or mechanical work is done by an organism, what happens to the heat generated?
it is lost to the environment
85
how does a noncompetitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
by binding to an allosteric site, thus changing the shape of the active site of the enzyme
86
in addition to activating or inhibiting enzymes through allosteric regulation, what other means does a cell use to control enzymatic activity?
localization of enzymes into specific organelles or membranes
87
what happens to glucose molecule when it loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction?
the glucose molecule is oxidized
88
when a molecule of NAD+ gains a hydrogen atom, the molecule becomes ________.
reduced
89
the oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is directly involved in which of the following processes or events?
accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
90
in glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate, __________
two molecules of ATP are used, and four molecules of ATP are produced
91
which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?
an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized
92
which electron carrier(s) function in the citric acid cycle?
NADH and FADH2
93
where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?
mitochondrial inner membrane
94
in chemiosmosis, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP and inorganic phosphate to ATP?
energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase, down their electrochemical gradient
95
approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose in aerobic cellular respiration?
30-32
96
why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?
it does not involve organelles or specialized structures, does not require oxygen, and it present in most organisms
97
high levels of citric acid inhibit the enzyme phosphofructokinase, a key enzyme in glycolysis. citric acid binds to the enzyme at a different location from the active site. this is an example of ________.
allosteric regulation
98
the immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the ______.
H+ concentration gradient across the membrane holding ATP synthase
99
which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?
glycolysis
100
the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is _____.
oxygen

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