Midterm Flashcards
(201 cards)
1
Q
Which of the following is true of dependent variables?
A
They are the same as “response variables”
2
Q
A hypothesis is…
A
a statement that attempts to answer a scientific question
3
Q
In the video on hypothesis testing, the null hypothesis was that:
A
Soils would be the approximately the same within and outside of where the pipeline was installed
4
Q
hypothesis driven research is:
A
distinct from descriptive research
5
Q
In last week’s Scientific Method video, water pollution was used to illustrate a number of scientific method vocab words (like research question, prediction, experiment, etc.)
What type of water pollution was being mentioned?
A
Nutrient pollutants triggering algal blooms
6
Q
Which of the following is NOT part of the scientific method, as it was described in your textbook and the videos we’ve seen so far?
A
Make sure a research project like yours has never been done before.
7
Q
In the pipeline video, the expectation that there be “no difference” in soils was an example of a ______ hypothesis.
A
Null
8
Q
In the pipeline video, three soil parameters (soil organic matter, soil moisture, and soil bulk density) were all considered ______ variables. [there are multiple synonymous terms that can be used here.]
A
Dependent/response/outcome
9
Q
What graph did we use in class to compare the number of letters in a person’s first name to the number of letters in a person’s last name?
A
scatterplot
10
Q
The big difference between experiments and studies is that ______________ involve active manipulation of a variable.
A
Experiments
11
Q
The following is a testable hypothesis:
A
Inflating my car tires to the recommended level will increase my miles per gallon.
12
Q
I’m a researcher who has collected tap water samples from around the world in order to compare average levels of nitrates in tap water from each of six continents: N. America, S. America, Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia.
When I graph my results, what should I plot on the Y-axis?
A
the level of nitrates
13
Q
Which of the following research hypotheses might have motivated the tap water sampling effort described in the question above?
A
Nitrate levels are higher in less developed continents
14
Q
_________ is a computer software system that takes multiple type of data (e.g., geologic features, hydrologic features, vegetation, etc.) and integrates them layer by layer on a common set of geographic coordinates.
A
A Geographic Information System (GIS)
15
Q
_________ uses radio signals from four or more satellites in order to triangulate the position of a receiver.
A
A Geographic Positioning System (GPS)
16
Q
The close-together lines indicate that the terrain has:
A
A steep slope
17
Q
Essential elements of map literacy include:
A
knowing what to expect from symbology
18
Q
“If we can understand a geological process now and we find evidence of that same process in the past, then we can assume that the process operated the same way in the past”
The statement above is a summary of:
A
Uniformitarianism
19
Q
Which of the following is NOT a reliable rule for understanding sedimentary rock formations:
A
Layers of rock that are tilted were originally deposited at an angle
20
Q
If you visited the big island of Hawaii and observed that lava layer “A” had apparently cut through lava layer “B,” which layer of lava rock would you say is older?
A
Layer B
21
Q
Sedimentologists operate on the assumption that…
A
the behavior of sediment on earth has never changed
22
Q
Unlike correlation, causation requires a to show that one factor can influence another.
A
mechanism
23
Q
Which of these data could be reporting an elevation?
A
none of the above
24
Q
The research stations where scientists sample CO2 in earth’s atmosphere are carefully positioned.
Long term monitoring stations include a very northern station in Barrow, Alaska, a tropical station in Mauna Loa, Hawaii, and stations in Antarctica.
Researchers are making sure to sample across a range of:
A
latitudes
25
John Curtis and his students collected tons and tons of data on the state of Wisconsin's forests and summarized their findings in a book called The Vegetation of Wisconsin
Curtis and his students were doing a:
regional study
26
Ellen Damschen and her students worked in a forest where chunks of forrested land had been logged to mimic the way that corriders are often cut through forests to accommodate roads and utility lines. (see image below)
Damschen and her students were doing a:
field experiment
27
Which of the following could be understood as an illustration of uniformitarianism?
You can tell that someone else borrowed your bicycle because it was not parked in the way you usually park it.
28
Uniformitarianism is...
The idea that how something occurs in the present is how it occurred in the past. An example of this is seen in sediments, which are presently deposited horizontally, meaning they must have been deposited horizontally in the past.
29
Which of the following dating methods is INCORRECTLY classified as "relative" or "absolute."
Using some unusually thin tree rings to tell when a drought occurred -- RELATIVE
30
We're most likely to find fossils of:
clams
31
Key beds are thin layers of rock that are widespread and have unique characteristics (like being high in a rare element like iridium). For that reason scientists can use key beds to "match up" strata from multiple locations.
Index fossils can be used the same way. So, the organisms that make up index fossils must have:
existed on earth for a relatively short period, but with a widespread geographic distribution
32
Paleobiologists can get the following information by studying fossils:
confirmation that two species coexisted, the approximate length of time an organism existed on earth, when groups of organisms went extinct
33
What is earth's mantle made out of?
partially molten ultramafic rock
34
What is earth's core made out of?
liquid iron
35
What is a nebula made out of?
gas and dust
36
What are stromatolites?
geologic evidence of ancient microbes, accumulated mounds of cyanobacteria, formations of living organisms that can be observed today
37
Scientists have proposed that the moon formed when:
an asteroid struck the earth, and some of the earth/asteroid material reformed and began orbiting earth
38
According to Andrew Knoll, the biggest changes in animals over geologic time corresponded to...
having a sufficiently large amount of oxygen in the atmosphere
39
Banded iron formations were:
Formed prior to the Phanerozoic via sedimentation during alternating periods of high and low environmental oxygen levels
40
The smallest unit of geologic time, the epoch, could be used to describe a rapid period of human population boom, farming, and fossil fuel use. What's the name scientists have given to that epoch?
The Holocene epoch
41
Which of these correctly lists the intervals of geologic time from biggest to smallest?
Eon > Era > Period > Epoch
42
How old is the earth?
4.5 billion years old
43
Which answer represents the order in which these things originated (first to last)?
Moon -> Organic molecules -> Stromatolites -> Dinosaurs
44
You're driving through upstate NY and stop at a rest area along the highway. They've cut the hillside in order to let the road pass through the hills, and the rock you can see has neat alternating layers of sandstones and mudstones (both sedimentary rocks). But the entire stack of layered rocks is slightly tilted.
If you had to guess, which rocks are older?
those low in the stack of layered rock
45
Let's say you went to the south pole and examined a deep ice core with dozens and dozens of layers.
You noted a particularly dusty layer and counted back from that layer to the top of the core.
This scenario presents a great opportunity for:
Absolute dating
46
Describe what a varve is. Be as specific as you can.
A varve is an annual layer of sediment or sedimentary rock, often these are seen in lakebottom sediments.
47
According to the video lecture from this week, how did banded iron formations form?
Iron oxidizing bacteria mediated iron falling to the ocean floor as iron oxide
48
According to the video lecture from this week, what types of deposits are left by glaciers when they melt?
They deposit soil particulates, rocks, and other things that were trapped in the ice in ancient times
49
Explain the characteristics that make certain organisms "useful" as index fossils. (from the perspective of paleontologists).
tain organisms "useful" as index fossils is short period of time in which they existed and a wide geographic distribution.
50
When did the first prokaryotes (simplest cells) arise?
Archaen Eon
51
When did the first woolly mammoths exist
Phanerozoic Eon, Cenozoic Era, Quaternary Period
52
When did the first birds exist?
Phanerozoic Eon, Mesozoic Era, Jurassic Period
53
Moon collides with earth
Hadean Eon
54
First Eukaryotes (complex cells)
Proterozoic Eon
55
First dinosaurs exist
Phanerozoic Eon, Mesozoic Era, Jurassic Period
56
Which of the following is NOT a reason water is essential for life?
Water can absorb only small amounts of heat, allowing it to change temperature very quickly.
57
Ionic bonds are bonds that
occur when an electron is transferred from one atom to another.
58
Carbon is #6 on the periodic table. So, radioactive carbon is expected to have:
8 neutrons
59
During radioactive decay...
The mass of parent material decreases exponentially over time
60
Radioactive carbon (carbon-14) has a half-life of 5730 years. That means every 5730 years the amount of carbon-14 in the sample is:
halved
61
If there were originally 14 grams of radioactive uranium (U-238) in a sample and 4 half-lives elapsed, which of the following calculations leads to the correct mass of radioactive uranium (U-238) that remains?
(1/2)^4 = 0.0625 * 14 = 0.875 grams of U-238
62
Which of the following is true for this hunk of native copper?
Its chemical composition is like that of any other hunk of copper, it is a metal
63
If you have a 12,000 gram sample of a radioactive element that decays with a half-life of 2.0 days how many grams of radioactive material are left after 14 days?
94 g
64
Radium-223 decays with a half-life of 11.4 days. How long will it take a 2.40 kilogram sample to decay to 0.15 kilograms?
46 days
65
Required properties of minerals
Naturally occurring, crystalline, solid
66
Methods of absolute dating
examining the C-14/C-12 ratio of wood from tree rings to similar data for known benchmarks, using radiometric dating to date a rock layer that contains some fossils, counting layers in a varve
67
List 3 conceptually different pieces of information that you could obtain from a tree cut in cross section.
The number of rings in the tree can show the number of years it has been alive
The distance of the rings in a tree can show periods of time when resources were scarce, therefore not allowing the tree to grow as fast
The color of the tree rings can tell you when the tree underwent periods of growth, with darker rings representing fall growth and lighter rings representing summer growth
68
__________ are by far the largest mineral group. Feldspar and quartz are the two most common minerals in that group.
silicates
69
Which of the following can be used to determine the identity of a mineral?
The hardness of the sample
70
Which of these can be a mineral?
copper metal
71
What is ore?
It is rock or soil that contains a mineral of interest
72
Which rock type is formed from magma, for example, granite and basalt?
Igneous
73
Heating and pressure allows...
sedimentary rock to become metamorphic rock
74
Basalt typically forms...
extrusively in the ocean
75
What is the difference between intrusive and extrusive rock formation
Intrusive means it cools and solidifies within the crust of the planet and extrusive means formed from cooled lava on the earth's surface
76
Which answer below has the sedimentary rock types ordered from largest to smallest according to their particle size?
breccia > siltstone > shale
77
Can magnesium metal be considered a mineral?
Yes
78
Natural gas can be considered a mineral.
False
79
One mineral group makes up the vast majority of the earth's crust by mass. Name that group.
Silicate
80
What is the general name that minerologists use for that physical property of a mineral's shimmeriness, pearly-ness, etc.?
Luster
81
Which of the following can be used to describe the sample of native copper shown above:
Native element and crystalline
82
Which of the following could be used to describe the halite/sodium chloride sample above.
Ionic solid and cubic cleavage
83
Your textbook says: "When Zircon forms in an igneous rock, the crystals readily accept atoms of uranium but reject atoms of lead."
Therefore:
Zircon crystals are useful for radiometric dating on the order of BILLIONS of years because lead (Pb) found within the crystals comes exclusively from decay of Uranium (U).
84
How is Bowen's reaction series not useful to geologists?
It explains the process by which certain sedimentary rocks are converted to metamorphic rocks.
85
If you were walking along and saw an outcrop with interbedded sandstones and mudstones (i.e., alternating layers of each), what would you guess went on when the rocks formed? (There are many plausible answers that can be correct here.)
Alternating periods of wind turbulence with deposited sand particulates and mud particulates
86
Differences between mafic and felsic rock
Felsic rocks have more silica and are lighter in color while mafic rocks have less silica and are darker in color
87
Wegener had a solid hypothesis, but needed a(n) _________.
mechanism
88
What evidence did Wegener use to support his ideas?
Identical rock formations on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean
89
The uppermost portion of the mantle, which includes relatively soft or molten rock is called the _________.
Asthenosphere
90
Which of the following is not a type of plate boundary?
Diametric
91
Where is oceanic crust “re-melted”?
subduction trench
92
At ocean-continent convergence boundaries we expect:
Felsic continental crust rock to scooch over top of the sinking mafic oceanic crust
93
The strong patterning of mountains, earthquakes, and volcanoes around the world...
Fits the general pattern suggested by Alfred Wegener
94
Geologists were able to reconstruct some of the paths continents took as they smooshed together (forming Rodinia), and then spread apart and then smooshed together again (forming Pangea) and then spread apart again. In a pattern we now call the "supercontinent cycle."
What form of geologic evidence allows us to track continents?
The orientation of crystals within old iron-containing rock
95
The different types of fossils
Permineralization: minerals are deposited into the void space of some remains
Replacement: the original material is dissolved and replaced by another
Molds and casts: the original material creates a void space that is later filled in by sediments that may harden in that shape
Compression: Fossil preserved in sedimentary rock that has undergone physical compression
96
When voting I usually have to answer this question: Which of the following political parties are you affiliated with?
When I answer, what type of data am I providing?
Categorical data
97
Isotopes of the same element always have the same number of
protons
98
On the geologic time scale periods are subdivided into eras.
False
99
Which of the following is not a type of chemical bond?
coalescent
100
Which of the following is part of the peer-review process?
The second and third answers only
101
Is it true a single tectonic plate can include both continental or oceanic crust material.
True
102
Which of the following observations allowed for insights into mid-ocean spreading centers?
echo sounders showed a ridge in the center of the Atlantic, igneous rocks near those spreading centers show an alternating magnetic polarity
103
Marble is an example of a nonfoliated metamorphic rock.
True
104
Hornfels is a type of rock that forms along the border of magmatic dikes through the process of ______________ metamorphism.
contact
105
What mineral played a starring role in scientists efforts to understand "pole wandering?"
Magnetite
106
Your friend Agatha hands you a sample of Rubidium-87 and tells you to hold onto it for a little while.
103 billion years later she comes back to see how you’re doing. The half-life of Rubidium-87 is 47 billion years. So in a way it hasn't even been that long.
What percentage of the original radioactive sample remains now that 103 billion years have passed?
21.9%
107
Which of the following can be considered a mineral?
ultrapure water that has naturally formed ice
108
The research hypothesis
is what the researcher expects will happen
109
Quartzite, schist, marble, and slate are...
metamorphic
110
Bauxite is mined from tropical soils. Buaxite is most likely an ore of
aluminum
111
Which of these is a renewable resource?
water
112
There are two common ions of iron. Often called Iron II (Fe2+) and Iron III (Fe3+)
As you might guess, Iron II has a 2+ charge and Iron III has a 3+ charge.
That means that...
Iron III has one fewer electron than Iron II
113
The midterm exam will normally be administered on 8.5" wide paper.
But hey! we're scientists and we use metric, so how many millimeters wide is that?
Given: 1 inch = 2.54 cm, 1 cm = 10 mm
215.9 mm
114
A farmer is interested in increasing their production of wheat. They divide their land into eight roughly equal areas and apply the following treatments:
Areas 1, 3, 4, and 7: spreading the same fertilizer they always use
Areas 2, 5, 6, and 8: spreading manure from a local dairy farm
What kind of investigation is the farmer performing?
experimen
115
In the lecture video about pipeline impacts, which of the following was presented as the alternative (or research) hypothesis?
Soils inside the pipeline corridor were compacted because construction crews did not use timber matting.
116
The paper by Adler et al. (2011) examined relationships between plant productivity and species richness.
Which of the following describes how those variables were treated in their paper?
they were both treated as categorical variables
117
The figure below is from a properly scaled topographic map. What can you say about the arrows superimposed on the map?
They span equal elevations
118
The names below are all examples of a geologic ____________, which is a unit of geologic time.
Devonian
Jurassic
Ordovician
Cambrian
Period
119
Which of these lists has its items ordered from oldest to youngest, in terms of their date-of-origin?
earth, living cells, trilobites
120
How do we know how old the earth is?
Uranium dating of very old zircon crystals
121
Which igneous rocks would be expected to have larger crystals?
rocks that form underground in a magmatic batholith
122
Arthur Holmes’ work on ___________ ___________ within earth’s mantle provided a plausible mechanism for Alfred Wegener’s ideas about continental drift.
Convection cells
123
In the figure below, how should we interpret the lettering "a," "b," and "c"?
They show the progression of time as magma flowed out and formed rock.
124
Contact metamorphism occurs...
When rock is suddenly exposed to incredible heat
125
At a convergent plate boundary, we might see...
Mountains
126
Match each layer of the earth to the primary material that composes it.
Continental crust: Felsic rock
Pacific oceanic crust: Mafic rock
Atlantic oceanic crust: Mafic rock
Core: Iron metal
127
Match each mineral to its notable attribute.
Diamond: 10 on the Moh's hardness scale
Mica: Fluoresence
Uraninite: Radioactive
Pyrite: Cubic cleavage
128
Match each rock type to its classification.
Limestone: Bioclastic sedimentary rock
Marble: Metamorphic rock
Shale: Clastic sedimentary rock
Slate: Metamorphic rock
129
Alfred Wegener proposed that South America and Africa were once joined by a land bridge.
False
130
Wegener used echo sounders, magnetometers, and seismographs to support his hypothesis.
False
131
Describe one significant benefit and one significant drawback that occur when scientists do their work in research networks (as scientists on the Adler et al. paper did or as our class did for the Lab 2 dataset).
Significant benefit: There is less chance for bias in the data. This will lead to a more accurate outcome that can be recreated by other scientists.
Significant drawback: The individual scientist has less control over variables that may prove very influential for their study. Therefore, the results may be flawed.
132
Do tsunamis have relatively large wave heights when traveling in open ocean
False
133
Tides are driven by
The moon
134
Which of these ocean zones is the deepest?
Abyssal
135
The Richter Scale is on a log scale. So an earthquake with magnitude 8.0 is how many times larger than an earthquake with magnitude 5.0 on the Richter scale?
one thousand times
136
Spring tides are associated with...
Greater tidal range and having the moon, earth, and sun all in a line.
137
Is it true the moon has more of an influence on tides than the sun.
True
138
Are tides driven by wind in certain areas
False
139
Which of these words is NOT associated with shallow ocean waters?
Abyssal
140
The electromagnetic spectrum includes:
Both red and infrared light
141
Ocean currents include all of these except
Wind waves
142
Earth’s atmosphere and ocean are hottest at the equator due to:
More intense incoming solar radiation at the equator
143
The Coriolis effect:
Deflects freely moving objects right in the Northern Hemisphere
144
The Bay of Bengal in India and Mt. Everest in Nepal are fairly close together (from a global perspective, so... similar lat. long. etc.). But of course they are quite different in elevation.
Compared to the air in the Bay of Bengal, you could expect the air on Mt. Everest to be.
Colder, drier, and less pressurized
145
Sea breezes (cool winds coming off the ocean toward land) feel wonderful on warm summer days at the beach.
Which of these causes sea breezes?
The ocean being cooler than the land.
146
Which is more dense: Warm salty water at the surface of the ocean or cold salty water at the bottom of the ocean
cold salty water at the bottom of the ocean
147
In what part of the ocean would you expect downwelling to occur?
near the poles, especially in very saline parts
148
The large circular surface currents in the major open oceans of earth are called ____.
gyres
149
If you transfer 889 units of thermal energy into 103 kg of water at room temperature,
and, you transfer 889 units of thermal energy into 103 kg of iron at room temperature,
which one will reach a higher temperature?
iron
150
On average, where can we expect high atmospheric pressure? (assuming that we're measuring this on the ground)
30°N, 90°S
151
Which of the following are TRUE regarding the deflection of objects due to the coriolis effect?
Air that would be moving due south in the southern hemisphere will be deflected to the east, Air that would be moving due south in the northern hemisphere will be deflected to the west, Air that would be moving due north in the northern hemisphere will be deflected to the east.
152
Stratosphere
The atmospheric layer just above the layer that is closest to Earth's surface
153
Troposphere
The atmospheric layer closest to Earth's surface
154
Coriolis effect
Objects are deflected clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere
155
Which of the following is most likely to result in condensation / cloud formation?
An air mass increases its relative humidity, but everything else stays the same.
156
If we looked at standard deviations in air temperatures measured throughout the year. (A larger standard deviation represents more variation in temperature.)
Where would we expect the largest standard deviation?
Arctic circle, inland.
157
Which of the following lists of are ranked correctly from least to most rainfall?
Desert < Boreal forest < Temperate Forest < Rainforest
158
________ is the most important factor in determining the type of soil that will form in a particular area
Climate
159
“About half of most soils are _________ materials, such as the products of weathered rock, including sand, silt, and clay particles.” The blank in this quote ought to be:
Inorganic
160
In terms of weathering…
Tropical soils are prone to chemical weathering
161
Erosion is defined as:
Removal of material by water, wind, or ice
162
In the video about mass balances, I mentioned how mass balances could be used to do all of the following, EXCEPT:
Understand the flow of energy through food webs
163
T/F: Sand, silt, and clay comprise the organic portion of most soils.
False
164
What's the name for a soil that is a nearly equal mix of sand, silt, and clay?
loam
165
What unit could be appropriate for soil bulk density?
kg/m3
166
"Loess" soils are the deep soils that make Iowa great for growing corn. They were originally deposited by wind.
Compared to soils that were deposited by rivers, loess soils can be expected to have:
smaller average particle size
167
Which of these is a commonly measured property of soils?
color
168
You're the Mayor of a young American township in the early 1800's. You want to set up a mill so that you and your citizens can get rich producing textiles.
You've sited the town next to a river, but you're not sure where, along the river, you should put the mill. Of course you want the water to be strong enough to turn the wheel of your mill, so...
put the mill at a narrow part of the river where flowrate is high
169
During the Flint Water Crisis the municipalities that supply the city of Flint, MI with drinking water discovered that by switching the source of freshwater supply for the city (to a cheaper source), they inadvertently caused dangerous levels of lead to be released into people's drinking water. Note that we're talking about lead the element, with chemical symbol Pb.
In this scenario, a mass balance approach could be used to:
Pinpoint the part of the water supply chain lead was leaching into the water, by monitoring at the beginning and ends of transmission pipes, resident's pipes, etc.
170
Describe a place where erosion and deposition are both happening in close proximity to one another and how each process is occurring. [Hint: there are many situations that can work here.]
In a river, water can erode sediments from rocks and deposit them somewhere else down the river or through rain which evaporates from the water.
171
Describe, in detail, a mass balance study (or experiment) that you could conduct in your home or nearby area. You can assume that cost, equipment, and expertise are not constraints!
Be sure to include some appropriate measurements for the study. That should include a brief statement of how you'd take measurements and what units of measure would likely be used.
A mass balance study I could do for my experiment in my home or in a nearby area could be measuring the amount of sediments that are deposited in my soils from rainwater. I would measure this by taking a sample of the soil in my yard and a nearby water source such as a lake and compare the measurements before and after rain. The units I would use would be mg/h*2.
172
The textbook claims that “Since Europeans settled in North America, about one-third of the topsoil in the area that is now the United States has eroded away.” WOW!
What do you expect was the biggest reason for that?
Agriculture
173
If you convert 3.25 hours to seconds you should get 11,700 seconds. If you set that up as a dimensional analysis problem, which conversion factor below could you use in your calculation?
(60 minutes / 1 hr)
174
How would you classify erosion control as an ecosystem service?
(following the classification scheme used in the millennium ecosystem assessment)
Regulating
175
How do environmental economists try to put a monetary value on ecosystem goods and services?
Examining what people are already paying for recreation, waste treatment, etc., Monetizing services like the "work" that pollinating insects do, Surveying people about what they would be willing to pay in order to prevent certain developments, etc. from moving forward.
176
The Ohlone people made their houses and canoes out of:
tule plants
177
Most of the ecosystem services evaluated in this project were regulating services. Which of the following is NOT generally considered a regulating service?
Provision of Fish Habitat
178
Which type of earthquake waves are propagated fastest?
P-waves
179
When visiting our favorite beaches, we expect a gradual transition from high to low tides and from low tides to high tides. The transition is gradual because:
The earth’s ocean water bulges to create a high and low water area
180
The OHS instructors have a holiday cookie bake-off every year and I have never won “best overall cookie” or “best decorated.” But this year is my year! I just hope I have enough eggs. Hmm, let’s see... my cookie recipe calls for 3 eggs and yields 16 cookies. I have 1 dozen eggs and I need to make enough cookies so that each of the 56 instructors can try one.
How can I use dimensional analysis to check? and, what's the verdict?
1 dozen eggs * (12 eggs / 1 dozen eggs) * (1 batch / 3 eggs) * (16 cookies / 1 batch) = ___ cookies; and yes! I’m good
181
At which type of plate boundary do you expect subduction to occur?
Ocean-ocean convergent boundary, Ocean-Land convergent boundary
182
Mark all of the answers that are correct regarding earthquake scales.
The Richter scale is logarithmic
183
High tides...
Are associated with relatively high water levels at the beach.
184
Which of these represent erosion?
Gusts of wind pick up sand particles as they move over the Sahara desert, Chunks of sandstone get hooked onto a glacier as it slides over them
185
What's the name for a soil that is a nearly equal mix of sand, silt, and clay?
Loam
186
What unit could be appropriate for soil bulk density?
kg/m3
187
What of these is drier than where you live?
Tundra that lies well north of 60 degrees north, Desert at 30 degrees S latitude in Australia
188
Because I am a giant nerd I recorded a video of an interesting earth science moment I saw in the parking lot at Stanford one day:
A rain-soaked wooden fence was catching some golden California sunlight full-on on a chilly morning.
steam fog from water evaporating off relatively warm lake and condensing in the colder air above it
189
Plastic waste (old buoys, bottles, fishing nets, etc.) floats to the ocean surface and just accumulates and hangs out for a really long time. Sometimes people spot huge islands of the stuff in the middle of the oceans.
Because the waste is made of non-biodegradable materials that persist in the ocean environment, Because of the action of gyres operating at the surface of the open oceans
190
Suppose you were the goalie for Team USA in the most recent world cup played in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, Brazil (both located at about 23 degrees SOUTH latitude). Of course you're interested in wind direction so you can maximize the distance of your punts and goal kicks.
What direction would you expect the wind to blow FROM?
SE
191
What would be associated with cloud formation (that is, for which conditions do you expect some combination of cloud formation/rainfall)?
Air rising at 60 degrees N latitude, Air that is increasing in moisture content
192
Which of the following statements is true about ecosystem services?
Ecosystem services are the natural processes of ecosystems that humans value and benefit from, Flood control by coastal wetlands is an example of a "regulating" ecosystem service
193
Which of the following was a difference between the Ohlone people and European settlers in the bay-area California?
The Ohlone moved around pursuing seasonally available foods and the Europeans stayed in one location, The Europeans social status depended on wealth/possessions while accumulating material possessions was frowned on in Ohlone culture, The Ohlone worked in spurts depending on need, whereas the Europeans were constantly maintaining their farms/animals/etc.
194
Null hypothesis
A hypothesis which was proposed, but then disproven
195
The different types of plate boundary
Convergent, divergent, and transform
196
Divergent plate boundary
Two tectonic plates move away from each other
197
Convergent plate boundary
Two tectonic plates move toward each other
198
Transform plate boundary
Pacific Plate slides northwestward past the North American Plate
199
What is contact metamorphism
Metamorphism due to contact or proximity to an igneous intrusion
200
What is a convection cell
Fluid is warmed, loses density, and is forced into a region of greater density
201
What are the different convection cells
Hadley: Near the equator
Ferrel: In the middle of the hadley and polar cells
Polar: Near the poles
