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Neurobiology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

How many neurons are there in the adult brain

A

about 90 billion

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2
Q

insulation made of proteins and fats that protect the nerve fiber to allow faster transmission of signals

A

myelin

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3
Q

receives impulses

A

dendrite

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4
Q

junction or gap between neurons

A

synapse

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5
Q

birth of a neuron

A

neurogenesis

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6
Q

change in the brain according to aging, disease, exposure

A

neuroplasticity

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7
Q

death of inactive synapses to make way for new pathways

A

synaptic pruning

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8
Q

orderly destruction of a nerve cell because of aging

A

apoptosis

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9
Q

which hemisphere plays a role in language

A

left

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10
Q

which hemisphere of the brain is involved in interpretation and creative info

A

right

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11
Q

lobe involved in problem solving, planning, attention, short term memory, motor learning, behavior, impulse control

A

frontal lobe

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12
Q

lobe involved in math, right/left discrimination, language, perception

A

parietal lobe

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13
Q

lobe involved in hearing, smell interpretation, language comprehension/interpretation, and facial recognition

A

temporal

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14
Q

lobe involved in visual processing, color identification, reading, writing

A

occipital lobe

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15
Q

part of the brain involved in balance and speech articulation

A

cerebellum

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16
Q

involved in basic bodily functions (heart rate, breathing, respirations) and connects the brain to the spinal cord

A

brain stem

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17
Q

cranial nerve I

A

olfactory - smell

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18
Q

cranial nerve II

A

optic - vision

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19
Q

cranial nerve III

A

oculomotor - eye movement

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20
Q

cranial nerve VI

A

trochlear - movement around eye

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21
Q

cranial nerve V

A

trigeminal - pain/temperature in face and mouth

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22
Q

cranial nerve VI

A

abducens - extraocular eye movements

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23
Q

cranial nerve VII

A

facial - taste receptors on tongue, muscles for facial expression and eyelid closing

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24
Q

cranial nerve VIII

A

vestibulocochlear - balance, connects inner canals of ears to brain

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25
cranial nerve IX
glossopharyngeal - taste of tongue on very back, swallowing, gag reflex
26
cranial nerve X
vagus - digestion, swallowing, gag reflex, GI system
27
cranial nerve XI
accessory - innervates larynx, sternocleidomastoid
28
cranial nerve XII
hypoglossal - innervated muscles of tongue, swallowing
29
the brains ability to change as a result of experience
neuroplasticity
30
assembly line of cells that lets in a few select things into the brain, but keeps other things out to protect the brain
blood brain brarrier
31
what are some things that can break down the BBB
high blood pressure, heavy metals, infection, inflammation, brain tumor
32
lining at the back of the eyeball connected to optic nerve
retina
33
depression in the retina where visual acuity is the highest (focus)
fovea
34
center of the retina that allows you to see and take in information about color
macula
35
vision gets worse over time and leads to central vision loss
macular degeneration
36
interpreting light signals
photoreceptors
37
allow low light vision
rods
38
color vision and fine details
cones
39
allows eyes facing the same direction to perceive a single three dimensional image (depth perception)
binocular vision
40
cross eyed
strabismus
41
ear drum
tympanic membrane
42
shell shaped structure in the inner ear that produces nerve impulses in response to vibrations
cochlea
43
ear canal located in between middle and inner ear
eustachian tube
44
membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves
tympanic membrane
45
bone in the inner ear also known as hammer
malleolus
46
bone of the inner ear also known as amble
incus
47
bone of inner ear also known as stirrup
stapes
48
main cause of hearing loss
damage or loss of hair receptor cells
49
taste buds and interpretation of taste
gustation
50
smell
olfaction
51
what is the only sensory neuron to be continually replaced throughout life
olfactory neurons
52
cranial nerves associated with taste
facial nerve (VII), glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), and vagus nerve (X)
53
what is the only sensory system that sends sensory information directly to the cerebral cortex without first passing through the thalamus
olfactory
54
starts processing of smell information
olfactory bulb
55
what is the term to describe the tactile system
somatosensory system
56
what does touch come in through
thalamus
57
primary function of pain
safety, survival, emotions, social connections
58
sensory fibers that detect pain
nociceptors
59
hypersensitivity to pain
allodynia
60
malfunction of the nervous system
neuropathic pain
61
pain especially in the feet and hands
diabetic neuropathy
62
opiate like substances that are produced in the body that function a lot like morphine
endorphins
63
main function of the limbic system
emotions
64
almond shaped region that connects emotions with memory, controls fight/flight/freeze response, empathy, brains reward system
amygdala
65
major long term memory storage
hippocampus
66
contributes to decision making in terms of how you respond to sensory stimuli
cingulate gyrus
67
type of memory that includes true/factual data or events
declarative memory
68
cultural knowledge, ideas, and concepts you have accumulated about the world
semantic memories (state capitals, definitions)
69
unique representations of your personal experiences
episodic memories (mentally recalling sights, sounds, time, space, emotions)
70
the "brains executive", controls attention, decision-making, and long term planning
prefrontal cortex
71
temporary type of declarative memory that is a form of short term memory that allows you to hold a phone number, a sum, a visual image, or other data point needed in the present or immediate future
working memory
72
discrete areas of the brain are dedicated to processing specific types of information
spatial memory
73
type of memory that is sorted and retrieved without conscious effort
non-declarative memory (speaking, riding a bike)
74
also known as the "habit center"
basal ganglia
75
learned emotional responses become attached to stimuli over time after repeated exposure
emotional memory
76
6 types of emotions
sad, anger, fear, disgust, joy, surprise

Neurobiology (3 decks)

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