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The Future Of War-Midterm > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Why people go to war?

A

Fear, honor and interest

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2
Q

What was the 30 years war?

A

A series of declared and undeclared wars between Catholics and Protestants. A key moment in development of state system for rules of war. 4 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died. Ended in 1648 with the treaty of Westphalia.

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3
Q

Significance of Congress of Vienna

A

Balance of power to prevent another Napoleon. German unification. The birth of international relations.

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4
Q

Significance of WW1

A

1914-1945 Introduction of total war, possible by new technologies. Nationalism never experienced on this scale. Mass killings, mass participation to save world from German beast. Trench fighting for hours. 37 million deaths civilians and military.

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5
Q

WW2 significance?

A

The battle of ideologies, no longer about territory and interests. Nazis and totalitarian a result of the upheaval. The dawn of the nuclear age.

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6
Q

Cold War significance?

A

50 year ideological confrontation, kept in check by the possibility of nuclear war between the Soviet empire and the United States.

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7
Q

Origins of the Just War tradition?

A

Early Christian thought. St Augustine “ The City of God”
Self Defense
Punishment of the Wicked
Righting of a wrong

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8
Q

Jus ad bellum

A

Whether the recourse to war is just.

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9
Q

Jus in Bello

A

Whether the conduct of the combatants in war is just.

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10
Q

Just war tenets

A 
Legitimate authority 
Last resort 
Just cause
Right intention
Chance of success
Proportionality
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11
Q

Just war theory

A

Predicate on a belief in sanctity of life and that war is a tragedy.

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12
Q

Legitimate authority

A

No private wars
Must be declared
By the sovereign

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13
Q

Just cause

A 
Self defense 
Protection of the innocent 
Righting serious harm
Regaining something taken, within limits
Pride, honor and 
Revenge fails this test.
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14
Q

Right intention

A

You cannot do the right thing for the wrong reason.

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15
Q

Chance of success

A

No romantic Suicide mission
No noble hopeless cause
Crusades
Must be respectful of the lives that could be lost

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16
Q

Proportionality

A

Is the response proportional to the offense? Are the means being used appropriate to the goals sought?

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17
Q

Last resort

A

All other options must be exhausted for redress for:
Diplomacy
Law
Threats
Does not require always taking the first punch
Must show no alternative

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18
Q

Does just war still matter?

A

In the end states and thinkers still do care about the rules of war. Yes still matters because nuclear weapons, germs rogue states are existential threats to our existence

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19
Q

Massive retaliation (1954)

A

To retaliate instantly at time and place of our own choosing.

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20
Q

Flexible response

A

Recognizing that massive retaliation wasn’t credible.
Envisions stages of escalation: from conventional war, to limited nuclear strikes to all war.
Deliberate escalation
Meant to give president other options

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21
Q

Mutual assured destruction

A

A recognition that both side now had enough weapons to destroy each other completely.
Mutual suicide pact.
No defenses
No attempt to defend

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22
Q

Ambiguity

A

Calculated ambiguity
Attempt to adapt from the nuclear deterrent to non- nuclear threats
Same strategies
Lower numbers

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23
Q

The stability-instability paradox

A

An international relation theory that says that the but nuclear weapons made the world more stable, but also more unstable due to the constant fear of instant war.

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24
Q

Horizontal proliferation

A

The spread of WMD to nations that previously did not have them.

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25
Vertical proliferation
Increase in amount of WMD in countries who already have these type of weapons.
26
Asymmetrical deterrence
Possibility for small actors to influence the international system in a way never seen before in history. One nuclear bomb will ruin your day.
27
What effect did the end of the Cold War on the ability to keep international order?
The end of bipolar rigidity, chaos. Many conflicts across the world between states.
28
The problem with with client states?
Arming clients and rebels, lots of weapons left behind. The ubiquitous AK-47. US and Soviets would not allow clients states to fail.
29
The superpower vacuum after 1998?
Americans turns inward It’s the economy stupid. Moscow no longer interested or capable of intervention withdraws from Afghanistan.
30
Rwanda crisis?
``` Former Belgian colony Two tribes in conflict: The Hutu and Tutsi President killer in airplane crash Used as pretext to eliminate Tutsi Genocide 1 million dead Tutsi 18 American Rangers dead ```
31
Yugoslavia crisis? In Srebenica 1995
``` Cobbled after WW2 out of six Slavic regions Serbia Bosnia Slovenia Croatia Macedonia Montenegro Mass killing of 8000 Bosnia Muslims and mass rapes UN overrun by Bosnian Serbs UN humiliated ```
32
Kosovo 1999?
19 nations agree to attack Serbian government with air strike. Miloseviic forced out from office Mladic convicted to life in prison The USA went from no interventions to interventions all the time!
33
Remnants of Cold War?
``` Clients and Allie’s Rigid bipolarity gone overnight Power vacuums Leftover weapons Unresolved disputes Cold War fatigue ```
34
How did humanitarian interventions come to be seen as acceptable?
The first two tragedies during the 1990s set the tone, first we did not intervene. Kofi Ann spoke at UN Security Council and said, we need to do more. From Kosovo on, we intervened and intervened often.
35
Moral Equality of soldiers
Honor and chivalry play only a small part in combat today | War is still a rule governed activity
36
What is war?
A legal condition which equally permits two or more groups to carry out conflict by armed force.
37
Walzer main argument
Preventive commercial wars , wars of expansion, conquest, religious crusades, revolutionary wars and military interventions all are barred and banned absolutely
38
Aggression justifies what?
A war of self defense by victim A war of law enforcement by victim and other members of international society Nothing but aggression can justify war
39
Asymmetrical deterrence
One nuclear bomb will ruin your day | Possibility for small actors to influence the international system in a way ever seen before
40
What is Deterrence ?
To prevent something
41
What does nuclear power provides?
Prestige Raw power Exclusive club Negotiation leverage
42
WMD?
Nuclear, biological and chemical weapons
43
Biological and chemical weapons characteristics?
Small packages, mobile, very dangerous in hands of state and non state actors
44
Vertical proliferation?
Increase in stock amount of nuclear weapons for a state that already is a nuclear power.
45
Horizontal proliferation?
Additional states obtaining nuclear power, who were not a nuclear power
46
What is considered terrorism?
The killing of large amounts of civilian deaths Not everything is terrorism Scared for your life.
47
What is the propaganda of the deed?
The terrorist act Carrie’s the message of the terrorist
48
State terrorism names
Acts of war, crimes against humanity
49
Shultz doctrine?
You don’t have to stop pursuing a terrorist accross international borders.
50
Six conditions for a just war?
``` Last resort Chance of success Just cause Legitimate authority Right intention Proportionality ```
51
When did the Cold War ended?
With invasion of Ukraine
52
Why people go to war?
Fear, honor and interest
53
Why was the 30 years war important?
A complete and total war, that led to the peace of Westphalia treaty This treaty implies the norms that govern international relations into the 21st century Begins affirmation of sovereign state as we know it
54
WW 2?
The battle of ideologies | The dawn of the nuclear age and the ultimate weapon
55
What is the Cold War?
A 50 year ideological confrontation kept in check by possibility of nuclear war
56
Why study the principles of the just war?
``` Central to current debates about changing the rules of war UN documents War on terrorism Legal debates Invasions Nuclear threats ```
57
What are the origins of the just war tradition?
``` Early Christian thought St Augustine the City of God Thomas Aquinas Self defense Righting a wrong Punishment of the wicked ```
58
What is jus ad bellum?
Whether the recourse to war is just
59
What is jus in bello?
Whether the conduct of the combatants is just
60
Requirements of a just war?
``` Proportionality Just cause Last resort Legitimate authority Right intention Chance of success ```
61
Legitimate authority?
Must be declared by the sovereign | No private wars
62
Just cause?
``` Self defense Protection of the innocent Righting serious harm Regain something taken(within limits) Pride honor and revenge abolish this requirement ```
63
Right intention
You do not do the right thing for the wrong reason | Bloodlust
64
Chance of success?
No romantic suicide mission
65
Proportionality?
Under just ad bellum Is the response proportional to the offense Under jus in bello Are the means use appropriate for the goals sought?
66
Last resort?
``` All other options must be exhausted Diplomacy Law Threats Does not require always taking the first punch, but states must show no alternative ```
67
Does just war still matter?
Yes, in the end states and thinkers still do care about the rules of war
68
Massive retaliation?
A nuclear response in time and place of your choosing . At president’s discretion Initial strategy employed by superpowers
69
The world changed from bipolarity to Cold War, to nuclear crisis during Cold War and they are still around
1945 one nuclear power | 2020 at least 10 nuclear powers
70
Flexible response
Meant to give president options | Recognition that massive retaliation was not credible
71
Mutual assured destruction
Mutual suicide pact The knowledge that both states have enough nuclear weapons to destroy each other completely No defenses No attempt to defend
72
Calculated ambiguity
Attempt to adapt from nuclear deterrence to non-nuclear threats Same strategies lower numbers 1550 each
73
Trauma of Cold War
Constant fear of instant war
74
The stability-instability paradox
The nuclear weapons made the world more unstable and dangerous, but they also made the world more stable because the two nuclear superpowers did not wanted to begin a WW3 or destroy each other
75
How did we lost the high tech war?
Americans were unprepared for a new warrior class who ignored our rules of war. This new warrior class does not behave rationally and is ready to sacrifice his life to win. You cannot negotiate with this enemy. He does not want anything from us, he is not afraid of anything
76
Henry Kissinger?
``` WW2 veteran Harvard alumni Secretary of State Opened China doors to commerce Nobel prize laureate Author ```
77
What led to Westphalia??
Pluralism/multiplicity of political units decades of bloodletting Religious schisms
78
Allies states?
Bound to help by treaty
79
Clients states?
They have something we want, and we exchange for something they want
80
Rwanda?
800 k civilians Tutsi killed with machete Genocide 18 American soldiers killed
81
Srebenica?
8000 dead civilians UN humiliation by Bosnian Serbs Overrun UN camp
82
Kosovo?
Finally the US intervenes together with NATO with an air campaign
83
Kofi Annan?
In 1999 accepts a new norm emerging in the international system. With great power comes great responsibility
84
What does aggression justifies?
A self defense war A war of law enforcement and other members of international society Nothing but aggression can justify war
85
Terrorism?
``` Intended to inflict anxiety Intent to change a state policies Perpetrator no state actors Victims are civilians Many audiences: enemy state, population, third parties, even friends and potential recruits ```
86
The propaganda of the deed
The terrorist act is their message
87
International terrorist groups?
PLO, IRA, Red Army Faction | Weathermen
88
Terrorism attacks?
Munich Olympics 1972- PLO kills 11 Israeli athletes
89
Terrorism change after 2001?
``` Particular demands replaced by imposible demands- Bin Laden convert to Islam More brutal More casualties More indiscriminate attacks Terrorists no longer value their lives Heaven and virgins ```
90
Right wing terrorism?
Heavily concentrated in the US Proud boys Oathkeepers Domestic, ethnic, racial, social, racist attacks. Lone wolfs, but part of online communities Extremist nationalism
91
Why people went to war?
Thucydides said for fear, honor and interest
92
When was the Peace of Westphalia signed?
1648
93
Six tenets of a just war?
``` Just cause Proportionality Right intention Last resort Legitimate authority Chance of success ```
94
Why Cold War matter now?
It shaped todays policy and decision makers Impossible to understand the contemporary international system without historical perspective Nukes didn’t disappear
95
What do nukes do for state actors?
Prestige | Raw power
96
What did we learn from the Cold War?
A bipolar environment and stable balancing between two superpowers. Soviet collapse led to unipolar moment where the US emerged as the world leader, but was it more stable? Maybe, maybe not

The Future Of War-Midterm (1 decks)

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