Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
planting extensive areas to grains and forage/pasture grasses.
A
Agronomy
2
Q
is a branch of agriculture that deals with growing crops for use as food and fiber.
A
Crop production
3
Q
culture of ornamentals
A
Floriculture
4
Q
was developed from the management of lands planted to trees providing timber and supporting wildlife.
A
Forestry
5
Q
study of insect pests.
A
Entomology
6
Q
botanically speaking, is an enlarged portion derived from the pistil and other associated floral parts
A
Fruit
7
Q
is the art, technology, science and business of growing and utilizing garden and plantation crops.
A
Horticulture
8
Q
deals with the selection of the correct scientific name for a plant placed in a particular taxon in conformity with specified rules.
A
Nomenclature
9
Q
study of vegetables
A
Olericulture
10
Q
plants used for their aesthetic or decorative value.
A
Ornamentals
11
Q
crops grown on large scale intended for industrial purposes
A
Plantation crops
12
Q
deals with crop improvement, for better yield, resistance to pests and diseases, new colors, larger foliage, flowers, fruits, and different habit of growth.
A
Plant breeding and genetics
13
Q
deals with the processes occurring in plants and the influence of the environmental conditions on these processes.
A
Plant physiology
14
Q
study of plant diseases
A
Plant pathology
15
Q
plants are identified and grouped based on their size, shape, color, flower, characteristics, kinds of food reserves, or known genetic relationship.
A
Phylogenic System
16
Q
study of fruits.
A
Pomology
17
Q
deals with the proper use of fertilizer, type of application to certain soil types.
A
Soil Science
18
Q
deals with the profit in any business venture.
A
Socio-economics
19
Q
finding the smallest plant category or taxon in a sequence relative to the taxa and the system.
A
Taxonomy
20
Q
edible succulent plant or plant part, which is not sweet fruit except for melons, not mature grain, not staple
A
Vegetables
21
Q
study of weed
A
Weed Science
22
Q
Define: as the art, technology, science and business of growing and utilizing garden and plantation crops.
A
Horticulture
23
Q
Development of Horticulture Derived from Latin words:
A
Hortus- garden or enclosure Colere or Cultura- to cultivate
24
Q
planting extensive areas to grains and forage/pasture grasses.
A
Agronomy
25
was developed from the management of lands planted to trees providing timber and supporting wildlife.
Forestry
26
growing of kitchen garden to provide fruits, vegetables
and herbs as well as ornamentals around the house.
Horticulture
27
________ when it is used at it is. Mungo- for Vegetable. Grass for lawns
Horticulture
28
__________ it is if it is used as a processed or second proslcessed mungo- for sotangjon. Grasses for feeds of the cow
Agronomic
29
_______________are consumed in fresh form, whereas ____________ have to be
processed before final use.
Fruit crops
Plantation crops
30
this encompasses four disciplines:
a. Entomology-study of insect pests.
b. Plant pathology- study of plant diseases.
c. Weed science- study of weeds.
Study of vertebrate pests- rodents with the use of irrigation, farm
equipment, farm structures, and meteorological data.
Crop Protection
31
plants are identified and grouped based on their size, shape,
color, flower, characteristics, kinds of food reserves, or known genetic
relationship.
Phylogenetic System
32
Examples of monocot
Corn coconut lilies
33
Example of dicots
Santol mango
34
_______refers to a group of plants within a species that are distinguished by
the same or similar characteristics
Variety
35
crops grown mainly for their leaves (e.g. pechay, mustard,
lettuce, celery, kulitis, kangkong
Leafy vegetables
36
crops that belong to the crucifer family (e.g. cabbage,
pechay, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage).
Cole crops or crucifers
37
crops that belong to the legume family (eg. Sitao, cowpea,
snapbean, winged bean, lima bean, pigeon pea, chickpea, etc.)
Legumes or pulses
38
crops that belong to the solanaceous or nightshade family -
e.g. tomato, eggplant, sweet pepper, potato)
Solanaceous Crops
39
crops belonging to the cucurbit family (e.g. squash, upo, patola,
ampalaya, chayote).
Cucurbits
40
Malunggay Caturay is what type of vegetables
Tree vegetables
41
edible botanical fruits usually for dessert, which may be eaten raw,
cooked or in a processed form.
Fruit crops
42
fruits not borne on trees and are small (e.g. pineapple, grapes,
strawberry).
Small fruits
43
fruits borne on trees but which are enclosed by a stony structure (e.g.
cashew, pili).
Nut fruits
44
fruits borne on trees (e.g. durian, mango, santol).
Tree fruits
45
- cultivated mainly for their esthetic value, further classified according
to their special uses
Ornamentals
46
plants grown for their flowers (e.g. gladiolus, roses,
daisies, orchids).
Cut flowers or florist crops
47
a plant whose foliage provides the background in
floral arrangement (e.g. fern, asparagus, fortune plants, palmera).
Cut foliage or florist greens
48
plants grown in containers for their beautiful flowers,
usually used for display purpose (e.g. kalanchoe, African violets).
Flowering pot plants
49
plants used for landscaping purposes such as ground cover,
barrier, specimen, edging, accents, etc (e.g. blue palm, song of india)
Landscape plants
50
used for lawns or greens (grass for golf) – (e.g. bermuda grass, carabao
grass, blue grass)
Turf
51
- Crop grasses grown for their grains. Examples: Rice (Oryza sativa), corn
(Zea mays), wheat (Triticum vulgare), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Cereals
52
for pods and seeds. Examples: Soybean (Glycine max), peanut
(Arachis hypogea), mungbean, sitao, cowpea, winged bean, pigeon pea.
Legumes
53
enlarged root/tuberous roots. Examples: Cassava, sweet potato, ubi,
carrot, radish
Root crops
54
grown for fibers used in textile, cordage, twines, sacks, bags.
Examples: Cotton, jute, abaca, kapok
Fiber crops
55
crops grown for their oil content. Examples- Peanut, sunflower, castor
bean, coconut, African oil palm.
Oil crops
56
- crops grown for their sugar content. Examples-Sugar cane, sugar
beets
Sugar crops
57
for rough source for animals. Examples: GrassesPara grass, Napier grass, Guinea grass, Legumes-Ipil-ipil
Pasture or forage crops
58
used for brewing non-alcoholic drinks. Examples: Coffee,
cacao, tea
Beverage crops
59
- used to provide special flavor, scents, and color to
food, perfumes, soaps and body dressing. Examples: Black pepper, vanilla,
citronella
Spices condiments and essences
60
used for extracting sap from the trunk/stem. Examples: Rubber
Latex and resins
61
- with curative, laxative, and pesticidal properties.
Examples: Lagundi, tsaang gubat, sambung, tobacco
Medicinal and poison crops
62
Habit of growth
succulent & has self-supporting stem.
Herbaceous
63
Habit of growth
requires support for upright growth (non-woody).
Vine
64
Habit of growth
– requirements support for upright growth (woody).
Liana
65
Habit of growth
with self-supporting stem, several more or less.
Shrub
66
Habit of growth
have a single central stem and usually taller than shrub at its peak
height.
Trees
67
one year or one season
Annuals
68
– two or more years
Biennials
69
has an indefinite period of growth
Perennials
70
usually a background garden. Range from few meters to about 600
Home garden
71
gardens cultivated jointly by several members of the
community for family consumption.
Community gardens
72
While the basic objective of the school garden is to teach
children to plant, the produce is brought home by the children for family use.
School gardens
73
is the most intensive horticulture enterprise, i.e., nurseries for
expensive plants for landscaping, indoor decors, cut flowers, planting materials for
plantation and fruit crops
Nurseries
74
a place where young plants are taken cared of before they are
ultimately transferred to their final site of growth where specialty plants
are grown.
Nursery
75
______farms are those small enough to be attended to, by the family both
financially and physically.
Small farms
76
_________farm for a family unit operation and requires a large portion of
operations done by hired labor.
Large farms
77
the study of plant parts. It includes the study of the size,
shape and internal structure of plants
Plant anatomy
78
A typical plant consists of three major
vegetative parts;
Roots
Stems
Leaves
79
three
major reproductive parts
Flower
Fruit
Seeds
80
_______ that are organized into tissues. Tissues are
organized into organ
Cells
81
Plants are made up of two organ systems.
Root system
Shoot system
82
_______ system is composed of roots, underground stems
(tubers) and rhizome
Root system
83
_______system is composed of stems, leaves
and flowers
Shoot
84
Is an external tissue that forms the protective outer covering of the
plant bod
Epidermis
85
serves as the outermost tissues or covering of old stems & old roots of
woody dicot plants;
Cork
86
an organ of plant w/c generally grows downward into the soil
Root
87
first root formed w/c is derived from the embryonic rot called
the radicle (growing tip of the hypocotyl)
Primary root
88
roots w/c arise from the primary root
Secondary root
89
roots w/c arise from the secondary roots. Branches from
tertiary roots may be referred to as rootlets
Tertiary roots
90
that w/c arise from organs other than the radicle &
its branches. Ex: roots from stem cuttings & leaf cuttings; those arising on
nodes of grasses & roots arising from relatively old roots
Adventitious roots
91
has prominent primary root. Secondary & tertiary roots do
not grow nearly as big as primary root. Ex: radish, carrots, ipil-ipil
Tap root system
92
a primary root is absent & the roots all adventitious in
origin, are fibrous in appearance, that is, they are slender in forms & are more
or less permanent; the kind of root system found in corn and rice
Fibrous root system
93
Root system is suited to places of frequent light rainfall
Fibrous root
94
root system - is good in places where water table recedes to a very
low level, as in desert
Tap root system
95
process of food manufacture in green plants
Photosynthesis
96
loss of water from the plant, usually from leaves, in vapor
form.
Transpiration
97
Types of Leaf Arrangement
Phyllotaxy
98
Phyllotaxy
one leaf per node; two successive leaves lie on opposite sides of
the stem.
Alternate
99
Phyllotaxy
one leaf per node; leaves arranged spirally on the stem
Spiral
100
Phyllotaxy
– two leaves per node
Opposite
101
Phyllotaxy
3 or more leaves per node
Whorled
102
The sterile or accessory parts of the flower are the ________ and the _________.
Sepals and the petals
103
serves to attract and
guide the movement of pollinators
Corolla
104
_________ and the ________, which are
collectively known as the androecium and the gynoecium, respectively. The
stamen is the male reproductive part consisting of an anther supported by a
slender stalk, the filament.
Stamens and pistils
105
Flower in which all four parts are present are called _______ flower
Complete
106
Flowers which lack one or more of these parts are __________ flowers
Incomplete
107
Imperfect flowers are of two kinds, _________ flowers and ___________ flowers
Staminate and pistillate
108
___________are believed to have been derived from carpels which, in past geologic
ages, resemble flat, leaf-like structures bearing marginal ovules.
Pistils
109
In most flowering plants, flowers are borne in clusters or groups termed as
___________
Inflorescence
110
process wherein a pollen mother cell or
megasporocyte in
the anther divides by meiosis to give rise to four
haploid microspores, which two mature into pollen grains
Microsporogenesis
111
series of events undergone by the nucleus inside
the
pollen grain which lead to the formation of a tube nucleus and sperm
nuclei or male gametes
Microgametogenesis
112
megasporocyte in the
nucellus divides by
meiosis to form 4
haploid megaspores, but only one functional, all
others degenerate.
Megasporogenesis
113
series of events in the megaspore which leads to the
formation of the female gametes or eggs.
Megagametogenesis
114
end product of megagametogenesis.
Mature embryo sac
115
– transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma.
Pollination
116
in general, the fusion of egg and sperm to form the zygote, in
angiosperms, double fertilization occurs, a process unique to angiosperms
Fertilization
117
Agents of Pollination
____________– insects, birds, bats, man and other animals
Biological
118
Agents of Pollination
_________ – wind, water
Non biological
119
The walls of the ripened ovary
Pericarp
120
cavities of a fruit in which the seeds are produced, are called
Locules
121
the outermost wall, usually one cell thick
Exocarp
122
the middle wall, thicker than the exocarp; contains the conducting
tissues
Mesocarp
123
the innermost tissue, surrounds the locules
Endocarp
124
This part of the seed is usually rough and is partly impervious to
water. It prevents excessive evaporation of water from the inner parts of seed
and often prevents entry of parasites. Hard seed coats may prevent
mechanical injury
Seed coat
125
a scar left by the breaking of seed from its stalk
Hilum
126
a small pore near the hilum
Microphyle
127
a ridge on the seed, caused by bending of the seed against the seed
stalk.
Raphe
128
Cells of the __________ have 3X chromosome number
Endosperm
129
stores food-starch, proteins,
oils, etc. Some seeds store chiefly starch (wheat), others store proteins
(beans,
peas), others oil (coconut).
Endosperm
130
_________or miniature plant of the seed consists of the cotyledon, epicotyl
and hypocotyl
Embryo
131
are seed leaves. Seeds of monocotyledons have
one, seed of dicotyledons have two cotyledons.
Cotyledons
132
– This is the part of the embryo axis above the point of attachment of
the cotyledons. The epicotyl contains meristematic cells which grow into the
shoot when the seed sprouts (germinate).
Epicotyl
133
The part of the embryo axis is below the point of attachment of the
cotyledons. The meristematic cells of the hypocotyl develop into the primary
root when the seed sprouts.
Hypocotyl
134
The growing tip of the hypocotyl is the _________
Radicle
135
True or false
Soil moisture and nutrients as basic
requirements of plant growth.
True
136
The vertical layer of the soil includes _________,_________ and ________
topsoil, subsoil and
parent material
137
The soil has taken thousands of years to form.
Soil formation
138
True or false
Big rocks break down into smaller rocks by continuous
action of wind and rain.
True
139
Rocks are mainly broken by two types of weathering physical weathering and ________ weathering
Chemical weathering
140
A number
of natural forces, called a____s, work to break down the
parent rock into tiny particles of soil. This include
wind, water, the sun’s heat, and plants and animals.
Agents
141
Soil layers are called?
Horizons
142
• It is also called the humus layer, which is rich in organic
material.
• This layer consists of decomposed material and organic
matter.
• This is the reason; the topsoil has a dark brown color. The
humus makes the topsoil soft, porous to hold enough air and
water.
• In this layer, the seeds germinate and roots of the plants
grow.
• Many living organisms like earthworms, millipedes, and
centipedes, bacteria, and fungi are found in this layer of soil.
Horizon A or Topsoil
143
Just below the topsoil lies another layer called subsoil or
horizonB. It is comparatively harder and compact than
topsoil.
• It is lighter in color than the topsoil because there is less
humus in this layer. This layer is less organic but is rich in
minerals brought down from the topsoil.
• It contains metal salts, especially iron oxide in a large
proportion. Farmers often mix horizon-A and horizon-B
when ploughing their fields.
Horizon B or Sub soil
144
also known as parent rock and lies just below the
subsoil.
• It contains no organic matter and made up of stones and
rocks, so it is very hard.
Horizon C bedrock
145
________ is a complex mixture of minerals, water, air, organic matter and
organisms which may have decayed or are still living. The best ______
for most plants is sandy loam. A healthy soil is an airy soil. So, one
has to cultivate soil to make it airy.
Soil
146
the application of water to the soil through systems of tubes,
pumps and sprays.
Irrigation
147
refers to short term changes in the atmosphere.
Weather
148
describes the weather condition over a long period of time in a
specific area.
Climate
149
is the major changes in temperature, rain and wind
patterns over a long period of time.
Climate change
150
Type ___.Pronounced wet and dry season
Type 1
151
Type ___. No dry season with pronounced maximum rain period
Type 2
152
Type __. No very pronouced maximum rain period with short dry season
lasting from one to three months
Type 3
153
Type ___. No pronounced maximum rain period and no dry season
Type 4
154
involves the production of male and
female gametes
process by which plants produce new individuals.
Plant Sexual Reproduction
155
reproductive part of a flowering plant is the ________. Most flowers
have both male and female parts.
Flower
156
It is the process when pollen transfer from the
anther to the stigma.
Pollination
157
When the
pollen is transferred to the stigma of a flower of a different
plant, the process is called ______________.
Cross pollination
158
When pollen is transferred to
the stigma of the same flower or to a flower of the same
plant, the process is called __________.
Self pollination
159
When the pollen grain germinates in the stigma after pollination, it
grows a pollen tube down through the style until it reaches the
ovule. Inside the ovule, the male and female gametes unite and a
zygote is formed. This entire process is called _________
Fertilization
160
Inside the ovule, the male and female gametes unite and a
________ is formed.
zygote
161
When the zygote divides repeatedly, it forms the embryo in the
ovule. The embryo then grows rapidly to form the _______ The other
parts of the flower like the petals, sepals, stamen, style and stigma
would degenerate and fall-off
Fruit
162
initial source of cultivar produced by the plant breeder
Breeders seed
163
progeny foundation seed for the production
of certified seed.
Registered seed (purple tag)
164
final product produced by seed company or
growers for commercial sale to crop producers.
Certified seed (blue tag)
165
– progeny of the breeder’s seed and handled to
maintain the highest degree of purity
Foundation seed (white tag)
166
seeds produced from certified seeds which are widely
available at village levels
Good seeds
167
rapid, complete, and uniform seed germination
Seed vigor
168
To improve seed vigor, chitting, shorten time
between sowing and seedling emergence, under ideal conditions until
radicle emergence, sowing/transplanting in moistened media
Seed enhancement
169
– improves seedling vigor,
germination rate and uniformity; involves seed imbibition in a
temperature-controlled, dilute, aerated solution of an organic or
inorganic osmoticum; all seeds will have exactly the same moisture
content; seed metabolism is stimulated.
Osmoconditioning or seed priming
170
small-seeded vegetables like
tomatoes can be handled and singulated in precision seeders more
efficiently; thick layer of diatomaceous earth, montmorillonite clay,
sand, etc. with a binder around seeds to increase size and uniformity;
increased pestilence protection when fungicides/insecticides are
incorporated
Use of coated or pelleted seed
171
disease free plant tissue, somatic embryos
produced aseptically in vitro; embryos can be removed from the culture
media and encapsulated in synthetic gels that replace endosperm and
seed coat; chemicals for protection against pestilence can be
incorporated in this gel.
Use of synthetic seeds
172
Plant ______ reproduction produces plants that are genetically identical
to the parent plants.
Asexual
173
True or false
Asexually propagated plants also reach maturity faster than sexually
propagated plants.
True
174
natural method of plant asexual reproduction is also known as plant
reproduction by ____________. It includes stolons, rhizomes, bulbs,
corms and tubers.
Vegetative parts
175
underground stems like those of potatoes.
Rhizomes
176
horizontal stems produced by plants like
Stolon
177
Compressed underground stems like those produced by onions
Bulbs
178
are below ground stems with dry scale-like leaves like those of
bananas.
Corms
179
Underground stems or underground roots. Examples
include cassava, carrots, radishes and turnips.
Tubers
180
plant asexual reproduction by a_______l means include
cutting, layering, budding, grafting, marcotting, suckering and
tissue culture
Artificial
181
Two reproductive techniques used to join parts
from two or more plants and appear to grow as a single plant.
Budding and grafting
182
True or false
In grafting, the upper joint part is the scion and the lower root stem is
the rootstock.
True
183
sometimes called air layering, involves root induction on
the part of the stem while it is still attached to the parent plant.
Marcotting
184
include stem or leaf sometimes treated with rooting
hormones.
Cuttings
185
on the other hand, involves
culturing of plant cells in a hormone-laden medium to become
plantlets.
Tissue culture
186
attached to the parent plant can be detached and planted to
become another plant.
Suckers
187
The process in which carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of light and
chlorophyll, are converted to carbon-containing energy-rich organic compounds.
Photosynthesis
188
The most important process on earth … It is the connecting
link between solar energy and life
Photosynthesis
189
_______________absorbs light at wavelengths approximately
400nm-500nm (violet-blue) and 600-700nm (orange-red)
Chlorophyll
190
the primary photosynthetic pigment
- can participate directly in the light reactions
which convert light energy to chemical
energy
- absorbs light maximally at 430-662nm
- blue-green pigment
Chlorophyll a
191
- absorbs light at 453-642nm
- an accessory pigment almost identical to
chlorophyll a
- absorbs light and transfers the energy to
chlorophyll a
- yellow-green pigment
Chlorophyll b
192
- an accessory pigment that can absorb
wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot
(extends the range of light available for Ps)
and transmits the energy to chlorophyll a
- absorbs at wavelength 460-550nm
- accepts excess energy from chlorophyll to
protect it from damage (PHOTOPROTECTION)
- various shades of yellow and orange pigments
- most common carotenoid is β-carotene, which
becomes 2 molecules of Vitamin A when split
Carotenoids
193
TWO PHASES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
LIGHT REACTION
DARK REACTION
194
TWO PHASES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
____________– in the thylakoid
DARK REACTION - in the stroma
Light reaction
195
TWO PHASES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
LIGHT REACTION – in the thylakoid
________________- in the stroma
Dark reaction
196
Also called the HILL REACTION
Light reaction
197
Also called the BLACKMAN’S REACTION
Dark reaction
198
C__ Plants
Follow the ___pathway or the Calvin Cycle
C3 plants
199
C___ Plants
Follow the C___ or the Hatch & Slack Pathway
C4 plants
200
______ Plants
(Crassulacean Acid Metabolism)
very similar to the C4 Pathway
CAM PLANTS
201
the first compound formed after CO2 fixation
in C3 plants is a _________________, 3-PGA
3 carbon molecule
202
the first compound formed after CO2 fixation
in C4 plants is a ____________,
oxaloacetate
4 carbon molecule
203
CO2 fixation occurs at night because the
_____________ are close during the day
the first compound formed is oxaloacetate
(4-carbon compound
Stomates
204
only in C3 plants ; very minimal or zero in C4 plants
• occurs in the chloroplast… not in the mitochondria
• utilizes the enzyme RUBISCO
(ribulose biphosphate carboxylase oxygenase)
• fixes oxygen instead of CO2 … when O2 concentration in
the plant is higher
• Since RUBISCO is both a carboxylase and an oxygenase,
the O2 and CO2 compete for the same enzyme and for
the same substrate, RuBP
• results in CO2 loss in photosynthetic tissues… and is
the major source of CO2 evolution in the light by C3 plants
Photorespiration
205
C4 species have chloroplasts in
the vascular bundle sheath cells;
____plants do not have
C3
206
_____ anatomy is called KRANZ
ANATOMY (bundle sheath cells
are surrounded by mesophyll
cells
C4
207
C4 plants have higher photosynthetic rates than ____
plants, especially at higher light intensities
C3
208
True or false
C3 are more adapted to moist and cool or hot areas with
low light intensity; C4 in dry or moist conditions and hot
temperatures with high light intensity
True
209
The reverse process of photosynthesis
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2
+ 6H2O + energy
- A group of processes in which various substances are
broken down, with the release of energy to be utilized
for growth and development
- An oxidative process where either oxygen is added to
the material being oxidized … or hydrogen is removed
from it
- Three stages of cellular respiration : GLYCOLYSIS ,
KREBS CYCLE, ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Respiration
210
an anaerobic process ; takes place in the cytoplasm
• a molecule of GLUCOSE (6-C) is split into two (2)
molecules of PYRUVIC ACID (3-C)
• accomplished in ten(10) steps, resulting to the formation
of ATP and NADH
• a mole of glucose has a net gain of 2 ATP molecules
after glycolysis
Glycolysis
211
Glycolysis is common
to fermentation and
respiration.
Pyruvate can enter
either pathway,
depending on
whether oxygen is
present.
If oxygen is present,
it enters the _____________;
If oxygen is absent, it
follows the fermentation
pathway to yield ethanol
or lactic acid
Krebs cycle
212
also called the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA Cycle) or
the CITRIC ACID CYCLE
• an aerobic process which takes place in the mitochondria
• oxidizes / breaks down the PYRUVATE formed after
glycolysis
• the pyruvic acid (3-C) is first decarboxylated and forms the
ACETYL CoA (Acetyl coenzyme A). This occurs in
the mitochondria. It is the Acetyl CoA that enters the Krebs
Cycle
Krebs Cycle
213
A_______ C___ is the connecting link between glycolysis and the
Krebs Cycle
Acetyl CoA
214
combines with oxaloacetate (4-C), to form
a 6-carbon compound, CITRIC ACID
Acetyl CoA
215
• a series of oxidation-reduction
reactions which move electrons
to several protein carriers in or
on the mitochondrial membrane
• a sequence of electron carriers
that use the energy from electron
flow to transport protons against
a concentration gradient across
the inner mitochondrial membrane
• involves the transfer of electrons
from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen
with the accompanying conversion
of energy to ATP
Electron transport system
216
Occurs in mitochondria and cytoplasm
Releases carbon dioxide and water
Utilizes oxygen (aerobic respiration
Chemical energy is transformed into kinetic energy
Releases energy from sugar molecules
Occurs in either light or darkness
Decreases dry weight
Produces ATP with energy released from sugar
Respiration
217
Occurs in chloroplasts
Uses carbon dioxide and water
Produces oxygen in green organisms
Kinetic energy of light is transformed to chemical energy
Stores energy in sugar molecules
Occurs in light only
Increases dry weight
Produces ATP with light energy
Photosynthesis
