Midterm

Question 1

Greek Philosopher and one of the very few
individuals who shaped the Western thought

Answer 1

Socrates

Question 2

Known for his Socratic method

Answer 2

Socrates

Question 3

“the unexamined life is not worth
living.”

Answer 3

Socrates

Question 4

defined as moral excellence, and an
individual is considered virtuous if his/her character is made up of the moral
qualities that are accepted as virtues, i.e. courage, temperance, prudence,
and justice.

Answer 4

Virtue

Question 5

A student of Socrates. His philosophical approach is what
they call “collection and division.”

Answer 5

Plato

Question 6

Theory of forms

Answer 6

Plato

Question 7

According to _______
b. The three parts of the soul:
i. The appetitive (sensual) – enjoys sexual experiences like food, drink
and sex.
ii. The rational (reasoning) – use of reason
iii. The spirited (feeling)- understands the demands of passion; loves
honor and victory.

Answer 7

Plato

Question 8

He asserted that they were concepts
existing within the perfect and eternal God where
the
soul belonged.

Answer 8

St. Augustine

Question 9

He is a French philosopher, mathematician and
scientist. He is considered as the father of modern
Western Philosophy
“Cogito ergo sum” – I think, therefore, I
am.

Answer 9

Rene Descartes

Question 10

He is a philosopher and physician and one of
the most influential Enlightenment thinkers. Also
known as the Age of Reason

Answer 10

John Locke

Question 11

Scottish philosopher, economist and historian
in the Age of Enlightenment; a fierce opponent of
Descartes Rationalism;

According to him the self is nothing else but a bundle of impressions.

Answer 11

David hume

Question 12

He believes that the things that men perceive
around them are not just randomly infused into the
human person without an organizing principle that
regulates the relationship of all these impressions

Answer 12

Immanuel Kant

Question 13

2 components of the self

Answer 13

Inner self outer self

Question 14

He is a philosopher, physiologist, psychologist, one
of the most influential thinker in the 20th century. His
most important contribution is psychoanalysis, a
practice devised to treat those who are mentally ill
through dialogue.

Answer 14

Sigmund Freud

Question 15

Psychoanalysis
He also structured the mind/ psyche intro 3 parts:

Answer 15

Id
Ego
Superego

Question 16

Two systems of the Superego:

Answer 16

Conscience
Ideal self

Question 17

significantly changed society, and this has affected how
an individual builds and develops his or her self-identity. Pre-modern society
was centered on survival. People behaved according to social rules and
traditions while the family and immediate environment provided supervision on
how to get through life.

Answer 17

Modernization

Question 18

extensive use of material power and machinery in all
processes of production;

Answer 18

Industrialism

Question 19

involving competitive product markets and the
commodification of labor power;

Answer 19

Capitalism

Question 20

massive increase of power and reach by
institutions, especially in government, and;

Answer 20

Institution of surveillance

Question 21

are described as having two or more people interacting with
one another, sharing similar characteristics, and whose members identify
themselves as part of the group. They can be organic or rational groups.
The former is highly influenced by family. Organic motivation is runs deep
giving the person a sense of belongingness. The downside implies less
freedom and greater social conformity. The latter occurs in modern
societies. They are formed as a matter of shared self-interests. They join
based on free will. They are called rational motivation.

Answer 21

Social groups

Question 22

refers to the ties or connections that link you to your social
group. Examples of these are: what links you to family is blood relation; to
barkada is friendship; classmates common interest to learn. Other selfinfluences to external adaptation:

Answer 22

Social networks

Question 23

adopting to social situation and social norms- being a
father, husband, worker, friend, OFW, and among others

Answer 23

Culture

Question 24

regional dialects; pop culture dialects; for Mead and
Vygotsky persons develop these and it affects interaction

Answer 24

Language

Question 25

is the role we portray and adapt or adopt; sex is the physiological makeup of the person

Answer 25

Gender

Question 26

one of the earliest psychologist to study the self and conceptualized the self as having two aspects – the “I” and the “me”. The “I” is the thinking, acting, and feeling self. The “me”, is the physical characteristics as well as psychological capabilities that makes who you are.

Answer 26

William james

Question 27

The three basic components of Piaget’s cognitive development are:

Answer 27

1. Schema/ Schemes- building blocks of knowledge; 2. Adaptation - involves child’s learning processes to meet situational demands; 3. Stages of Cognitive development - reflect the increasing sophistication of the child’s thought process

Question 28

0-2 Child learns by doing; looking; touching; sucking; the child also has a primitive understanding of cause-and-effect relationships. Object permanence appears around 9 months

Answer 28

Sensorimotor

Question 29

2-7 Child uses language and symbols, including letters and numbers. Egocentrism is also evident. Conservation marks the end of the preoperational stage and the beginning of concrete operations

Answer 29

Preoperational

Question 30

7-11 The child demonstrate conversation, reversibility, serial ordering, and a mature understanding of cause-andeffect relationship. Thinking at this stage is still concrete

Answer 30

Concrete operations

Question 31

12+ The individual demonstrates abstract thinking at this stage is still concrete

Answer 31

Formal operations

Question 32

detailed the emergence of self- concept and asserted that the broad development changes observed across early childhood, later childhood and adolescence could be interpreted within a Piagetian framework

Answer 32

Dr. Susan Harter

Question 33

the child describes the “self” in terms of concrete, observable characteristics, such as physical attributes, material possessions, behaviors and preferences

Answer 33

Early childhood

Question 34

self is described in terms of trait like constructs that would require the type of hierarchical organizational skills characteristic of logical thought development

Answer 34

Middle or later childhood

Question 35

emergence of more abstract self- definitions, such as inner thoughts, emotions, attitudes, and motives

Answer 35

Adolescence

Question 36

a vision of possible self. The age of possibilities. Time of grand dreams. More realistic

Answer 36

Emerging adults

Question 37

the Arabic word for the “self” is Nafs written in the Holy Qur-an. It pertains to the psyche or the soul. The Quran does not ascribe any property of goodness or evil to the self. The Nafs is something, which has to be nurtured and selfregulated so it can progress into becoming good through its thoughts and actions

Answer 37

Islam

Question 38

the self is seen as an illusion; born out of ignorance, of trying to hold and control things, or human-centered needs; thus, the self is also a source of all these sufferings; forget the self; forget the cravings of the self; break the attachments with the world; renounce the self which is the cause of all the suffering and I so doing, attain the state of Nirvana

Answer 38

Buddhism

Question 39

is living the way of the Tao or the universe; it rejects having one definition of what Tao is, and one can only state clues of what it is as they adopt a freeflowing, relative, unitary, as well as paradoxical view of almost everything; rejects hierarchy and strictness; would prefer a simple lifestyle and its teachings thus aim to describe how to attain that life

Answer 39

Taoism

Question 40

code of ethical conduct; how one should act properly according to their relationship with other people; focused on having a harmonious social life; a cultivated self in Confucianism is what some scholars call as “subdued self.” where personal needs are repressed for the good of the many; it is hierarchical for the purpose of maintaining order and balance in society

Answer 40

Confucianism

Question 41

tends to discredit explanations that do not use analyticdeductive modes of thinking.

Answer 41

Materialistic/ rationalistic

Question 42

tendency to see reality as an aggregate of parts;

Answer 42

Analytical

Question 43

involved the tendency to unitary explanations of phenomena and a closed system view of the “self

Answer 43

Monotheistic

Question 44

where self-expression and self-actualization are important ways of establishing who one is, as well as in finding satisfaction in the world.

Answer 44

Individualistic

Question 45

Beauty is objective (before 18th century)

Answer 45

St. Augustine Plato Aristotle

Question 46

believed that things gave delight because it was beautiful.

Answer 46

St. Augustine

Question 47

conceptualization of beauty is a response to love and desire. He argued that beauty exists in the realm of forms and that things look beautiful because they reflect the idea of beauty that already exists in the realm of forms

Answer 47

Plato

Question 48

argued that the main forms of beauty are order, symmetry, and definiteness, which can be demonstrated by mathematical science.

Answer 48

Aristotle

Question 49

Beauty is subjective (18th century)

Answer 49

David Hume Immanuel Kant Francis Hutcheson

Question 50

Beauty is no quality in things themselves: it exists merely in the mind which contemplates them; and each mind perceives a different beauty. One person may even perceived deformity, where another is sensible of beauty; and every individual ought to acquiesce in his own sentiment, without pretending to regulate those of others”

Answer 50

David Hume

Question 51

The judgment of taste is therefore not a judgment of cognition, and is consequently not logical but aesthetical, by which we understand and that whose determining ground can be no other than subjective”

Answer 51

Immanuel Kant

Question 52

“The perception of beauty does depend on the external sense of sight; however, the internal sense of beauty operates as an internal or reflex sense. The same is the case with hearing: hearing music doesn’t necessarily give the perception of harmony as it is distinct from hearing

Answer 52

Francis Hutcheson

Question 53

T or F  Studies show that those who consider themselves attractive make more money than those who look good than the average person

Answer 53

T true

Question 54

error in reasoning, evaluating, remembering, or any other mental process that is often a result of holding on to one’s preferences and beliefs regardless of contrary information

Answer 54

Cognitive Bias

Question 55

tendency of people to rate attractive individuals more favourably for their personality traits or characteristics as compared to those who are less attractive

Answer 55

Halo Effect

Question 56

T or F Cultural traditions can either be a positive or a negative influence on body image and on self-esteem.

Answer 56

True

Question 57

is generally how one thinks and feels toward one’s own body (as cited in Otig, Gallinero, Bataga, Salado & Visande, 2018).

Answer 57

Body Image

Question 58

about how you value yourself and how you treat other people. It is important because it affects your state of mind and your behavior.

Answer 58

Self esteem

Question 59

_____ on the other hand is how you look at your body, make you attractive, and make yourself look like some other people. body image is something that sings with pride.

Answer 59

Body image

Question 60

"The degree to which a person or his physical characteristics are considered pleasant or beautiful."

Answer 60

Physical Beauty

Question 61

_____________ refers to the individual’s feelings, actions, and behaviour concerning various aspects as development of secondary sex characteristics, human reproductive system, the erogenous zones of the body, the biology of sexual behaviour, chemistry of lust, love and attachment, among many others.

Answer 61

Sexual self

Question 62

all fertilized eggs occur in women, so the gender of a woman is considered ________

Answer 62

Basic

Question 63

stage of development where individuals become sexually mature. It can be separated into five stages. The characteristics of each stage vary for girls and boys.

Answer 63

Puberty

Question 64

___________ is use to describe areas of the body that are highly sensitive to stimuli and are often (but not always) sexually exciting parts of the body that are primarily receptive and increase sexual arousal when touched in a sexual manner

Answer 64

Erogenous zone

Question 65

It is similar to any other portion of the usual haired skin. Examples: sides and back of the neck, the axilla and side of the thorax

Answer 65

Non-specific skin

Question 66

It is found the mucocutaneous regions of the body or those regions made both mucous membrane and of cutaneous skin. Examples: prepuce, penis, the female external genitalia, perianal skin, lips, and nipples

Answer 66

Specific skin

Question 67

Phases of Human Response Cycle

Answer 67

Excitement Plateau Orgasm Resolution

Question 68

aka. “love hormone” and believed to be involved in our desire to maintain close relationships. It is released during sexual intercourse when orgasm is achieved

Answer 68

Oxytocin

Question 69

– it is responsible for ovulation in females

Answer 69

Follicle stimulating hormone

Question 70

crucial in regulating the testes in men and ovaries in women. In men, the LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. In males, testosterone appears to be a major contributing factor to sexual motivation

Answer 70

Luteinizing hormone

Question 71

involved in the male arousal phase. The increase of vasopressin during erectile response is believed to be directly associated with increased motivation to engage in sexual behaviour

Answer 71

Vasopressin

Question 72

typically regulate motivation to engage in sexual behaviours for females, with estrogen increasing motivation and progesterone decreasing it.

Answer 72

Extrogen and progesterone

Question 73

marked by physical attraction. It is driven by testosterone in men and estrogen in women. Lust, however, does not guarantee that couples will fall in love forever

Answer 73

Lust

Question 74

– at this stage, you begin to crave for your partner’s presence. They get excited and energized when they fantasize about things they could do together as a couple. Three chemicals trigger this feeling

Answer 74

Attraction

Question 75

responsible for the extra surge of energy and triggers increased heart rate, loss of appetite, as well as the desire to sleep. Your body is in more alert state and is ready for action

Answer 75

Norepinephrine

Question 76

associated with motivation and goal directed behavior. It makes you pursue your object of affection. It creates a sense of novelty, where the person seems exciting, special, or unique that you want to tell the world about his or her admirable qualities

Answer 76

Dopamine

Question 77

thought to cause thinking. Low levels of serotonin said to be present in people with OCD behaviour

Answer 77

Serotonin

Question 78

involves the desire to have lasting commitment with your significant other. At this point, you may want to get married and/ have children

Answer 78

Attachment

Question 79

is generally considered a sexual topic or activity of interest. It is sometimes accompanied by genital arousal (penile erection in men and lubrication in women)

Answer 79

Sexual desire

Question 80

is a basic, biologically mediated stimulus for sexual activity or satisfaction. In contrast, sexual desire is a more complex psychological experience that does not depend on hormonal factors

Answer 80

Sex drive

Question 81

Physiological mechanism of sexual behavior motivation

Answer 81

Amygdala and Nucleus Accumbens

Question 82

is defined as individual’ s general disposition toward partners of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes. On the other hand, gender identity refers to one’s sense of being male or female

Answer 82

Sexual orientation

Question 83

correspond to our chromosal and phenotypic sex, but this is not always the case

Answer 83

Gender identity

Question 84

influence the various issues related to sexual orientation and gender identity

Answer 84

Sociocultural factors

Question 85

The children’s interests, preferences, behaviours, and overall self-concept are strongly influenced by parental and authority figure teachings regarding sexual stereotypes. Thus, children whose parents adhere to strict gender-stereotyped roles are, in general, more likely to take on those roles themselves as adults that are peers whose parents provided less stereotyped, more neutral models for behaving

Answer 85

Family Influences

Question 86

- Another research discovered that homosexuality positively correlated with urbanization. The study surmised that large cities seem to provide a friendlier environment for same-gender interests than in rural places (Laumann, et al., 1994

Answer 86

Urban setting

Question 87

Previous published studies claimed that abused adolescents, particularly those victimized by males, are more likely to become homosexuals or bisexual in adulthood. These studies were criticized for being non-clinical and un-reliable (Wilson & Wisdom, 2009

Answer 87

History of sexual abuse

Question 88

are diseases or infections that is transmitted through sexual contact in which the organisms that cause STDs are transmitted from one person to another in blood, sperm and vaginal or body fluids

Answer 88

Sexually Transmitted disease

Question 89

a. Intrusive b. Manipulative c. Cannot provide many things that are important to us. d. Restricts our choices and lives

Answer 89

Problem with consumerism