MIDTERM

Question 1

___ segregation is a situation where people do not get jobs above a particular rank in organizations because of their race, age, or sex

Answer 1

vertical

Question 2

What is an example of vertical segregation (glass ceilings) within an occupation?

a. Among attorneys in law firms, women make up about half of associate and staff attorneys but only about15% of equity partners

b. None of the answer responses are correct

c. Among doctors, women are over half of pediatricians but less than 10% of urologists

d. Among those receiving bachelor’s degrees, men comprise approximately 80 percent of computer science majors but only about 20% of psychology majors.

Answer 2

a

Question 3

The flight attendant occupation is an example of . .

a. An occupation with a history of racial discrimination
b.An originally men-dominated occupation in military-styled uniforms that emphasized the men’s competence
c.All of these answer responses are correct (except the “none of the above” answer).
d. An occupation in which emotional labor performed by women is often unrecognized and underpaid
e. None of these answer responses are correct.

Answer 3

c

Question 4

Within the physician occupation, men make 60% of physicians overall and women make 62% of pediatricians but only 5% of orthopedic surgeons. . This is an example of ___ segregation

Answer 4

horizontal

Question 5

Generally in the full-time labor force, the single greatest contributor to the gender wage gap is

a. workers’ education
b. workers’ experience
c. occupational and job gender segregation

Answer 5

c

Question 6

Women fill a small minority of computer science jobs in the US but a majority of computer science jobs in Malaysia today. This is an example of:

a. vertical segregation within an occupation
b. None of the answer responses are correct
c.Gender segregation of occupations varying over time
d. Gender segregation of occupations varying across place

Answer 6

d

Question 7

T or F: Cheerleaders for professional sports teams such as the NFL are generally underpaid

Answer 7

T

Question 8

Cultural Structure:

a. help shape life chances and identities
b. help justify social structures such as the gender segregation of occupations
c. include patterns such as gender ideologies about jobs and gender ideologies about people
d. are broadly shared, taken-for-granted ideas, beliefs, and values
e. all of the above

Answer 8

e

Question 9

Social Structures:

a.help shape life chances and identities
b. are interpreted and justified by cultural structures
c. are patterns of relationships and resources
d. are generally durable and change only slowly over time
e. all of the above

Answer 9

e

Question 10

In 2018, among full-time workers, the median earnings of women of all races earned was just ______ [pick the best response category below] of the median earnings of men of all races.

a. 90%
b. 795
c. 62%
d. 82%

Answer 10

d

Question 11

As of March 2019, what percentage of civilian workers had access to paid family leave?

a. 82%
b. 19%
c. 34%
d. 10%

Answer 11

b

Question 12

T or F: The gender gap in pay narrows as workers age and accumulate more experience.

Answer 12

F

Question 13

T or F: Relative to the median earnings of white men, the gender wage gap for Black, Latinx, and American Indian and Alaskan Native women is narrower than the gap for other racial/ethnic groups of women.

Answer 13

F, it is wider

Question 14

T or F: In a survey referred to by Wade & Ferree (2019), approximately 66% of men and 56% of women say a high-paying job is important to them.

Answer 14

F: 56% of men and 66% of women say a high paying job is important to them

Question 15

Another approx. ____+ have gender identity and/or gender expression that are not neatly predicted by presumed biological characteristics

a. 12%
b. 10%
c. 30%
d. 15%

Answer 15

b

Question 16

What is the dissimilarity index which measures gender segregation in the U.S today?

a. 34%
b. 40%
c. 25%
d. 60%

Answer 16

a

Question 17

Which is higher horizontal or vertical segregation?

Answer 17

horizontal

Question 18

T or F: social structures are justified by cultural structures

Answer 18

T

Question 19

According to Wade and Ferree: ___ occupations are often unrecognized and low-paid in comparison to male-dominated jobs because they are considered unskilled.

Answer 19

feminized

Question 20

Social and Cultural structures create, reproduce and maintain ___ distinctions and exaggerate __ and ___differences

Answer 20

gender, sex, gender

Question 21

dissimilarity index is % of ___ or __who would have to change occs for full integration

Answer 21

women, men

Question 22

across specialties= ____ segregation
across levels = ____ segregation

Answer 22

horizontal
vertical

Question 23

The job secretary is made up of 95% women but prior to 1900 it was an all men occupation. Therfore, what kind of gender segregation does it make up?

a. same occupations different establishments
b. within same occupation variation across place
c. within same occupation variation across time
d. same occupation different levels

Answer 23

c

Question 24

Within the U.S proportion of women across the science and engineering field varies greatly. 9% of women in mechanical engineering and 46% of women in bioengineering. What kind of variation is shown by these engineering examples?

a. within same occupation, across specialties horizontal
b. within same occupation, across levels, vertical
c. same occupations different establishments

Answer 24

a

Question 25

92% of the highest-paying occupations are filled by ___ and __

Answer 25

white, men

Question 26

When Michael was portrayed as the more streetwise and Michelle the more educated candidate, the evaluators recommended hiring ___

Answer 26

Michael

Question 27

When Michelle was portrayed as more streetwise and Michael as more educated, the evaluators recommended hiring

Answer 27

Michael

Question 28

One of the main Takeaway from Uhlmann & Cohen and Schilt was that Human capital (education and experience) often valued more highly when it resides in ___ rather than in ___

Answer 28

men, women

Question 29

___managing your and others' emotions is a big part of light attendant job

Answer 29

emotional labor

Question 30

T or F: Mens hourly earnings has been constant since 1980, no change in wage gaps

Answer 30

T

Question 31

gender segregation of occ + jobs and gender pay gaps are all examples of ___ structures

Answer 31

social

Question 32

gender essentialism, gender ideologies about people and jobs, androcentrism are all __ structures

Answer 32

cultural

Question 33

According to Schippers (2007), women are often stigmatized if... a. they do not earn as much money as men in their family earn b. they get jobs c. they take on qualities of strength and authority, believed to be reserved for men d. non of the above

Answer 33

c.

Question 34

According to Connell and Messerschmidt hegemonic masculinity a. Is part of a hierarchy among men b. Is a pattern of practice that perpetuates men's dominance over women c. all answers are correct d. is viewed as the most socially honored way of being a man

Answer 34

c

Question 35

Which of the following was found in Tilscik’s study of resumes of equally qualified college seniors? a. The lower rate of call-backs for presumed gay men was similar across all 7 states in the study b. No answer responses are correct. c. All answers are correct (excluding the "no answers are correct" answer) d. When applying for full-time jobs, college senior men were more likely than college senior women to get callbacks from employers, regardless of their presumed sexual orientation. e. Men with experience as treasurer of a leftist political campus organization were more likely to get callbacks than men with experience as treasurer of a gay and lesbian campus organization.

Answer 35

e

Question 36

Which of the following was found in Tilscik's study? a. Positions with ads emphasizing good communication and interpersonal skills of candidates were more likely to call back women than men candidates. b. Employers with job ads emphasizing assertiveness and decisiveness were more likely to call back men than women candidates c. Employers with job ads emphasizing assertiveness and decisiveness were more likely to call back candidates presumed to be heterosexual than candidates presumed to be gay. d. none of the above

Answer 36

c

Question 37

Huerta's (2022) analyzed newspaper articles, published 2011-2013, during the Dept. of Defense’s consideration of whether to repeal the ban on women in combat. Her findings on how these newspaper articles depicted women in the military include: a. most newspaper articles did not portray women military competence b. all answers are correct c. most articles opposed the repeal of the ban on women in combat d. women were described as weak and needing rescue e. most newspaper articles discussed women family roles f. no answer responses are correct

Answer 37

f

Question 38

According to Schippers, ____ is characteristics defined as womanly that establish and legitimate a hierarchical and complementary relationship to hegemonic masculinity and that, by doing so, guarantee the dominant position of men and the subordination of women

Answer 38

hegemonic femininities

Question 39

According to Schippers, _____ And so seen as threatening as “contaminating to the relationship between masculinity and femininity… a lesbian, a slut a shrew or “cock teaser” a bitch”

Answer 39

pariah femininities

Question 40

Studies cited by Tilcsisk report that gay men earn 10-32% ___ than non-gay men with similar human capital, while lesbians earn___ than nonlesbians

Answer 40

less, more

Question 41

T or F: In tilcsiks study, there was regional variation in callbacks where more discrimination was found in TX, FL, OH and NV than CA, NY or PA

Answer 41

T

Question 42

T or F: Tilscik found that job ads specifying the importance of aggressiveness, assertiveness, and decisiveness were significantly less likely to call back the openly gay applicant.

Answer 42

T

Question 43

How did Tilcsik deal with race? a. Tilcsik cites other research on race suggests that signaling race with African American names may also be interpreted as a signal of lower socio- economic status, thus conflating race and class. b. Tilcsik cites other research on race suggests that signaling race with any minority group related names may also be interpreted as a signal of low competence c. none of the above d. Tilcsik cites other research on race suggests that not signaling race with African American names may also be interpreted as a signal of lower socio-economic status, thus conflating race and class.

Answer 43

a

Question 44

How does Huerta build on the concept of hegemonic masculinity? a.Huerta denotes how military women lose their femininity and individuality because they are only celebrated as heroic when they embody warrior masculinity. b. women performing emphasized femininity through women-dominated engagement teams are not “fully accepted as soldiers c. none of the answers d. Only men are accepted in the filed and glorified while women are never mentioned in newspapers

Answer 44

a,b,

Question 45

Huerta (2022) conducted a content analysis of 175 articles (published 2011-2013) in 5 newspapers during the Dept. of Defense’s consideration of whether to repeal the ban on women in combat. What were her main findings? a.the media emphasized women's military ranks and accomplishments only when they demonstrated warrior masculinity b. media ignores military women’s complex identities limiting the narrative to a one-dimensional homogenized idea of a warrior. The media ignores their identities and family roles because they do not exemplify the ideal masculine soldier who is only obligated to their work. c. women's femininity is reduced in this male-dominated job and experience a double bind d. all the answers

Answer 45

d

Question 46

How does pariah feminity create a double bind for women in the military?

Answer 46

Pariah femininity creates a double bind in which women are expected to act like men thus they exhibit masculine traits, but when they do, they are labeled as pariahs and outcasted.

Question 47

____ schema: is a hierarchical relationship between mandate and life is meaningfully spent. One's career is a calling. It demands and deserves single-minded focus and allegiance. Time intensive, emotionally absorbing dedication to the employer. Breadwinner.

Answer 47

work devotion schema

Question 48

___ devotion schema: the hierarchical relationship between homemaking is a calling. It deserves a single-minded allegiance. "Intensive motherhood" . Time intensive emotionally absorbing care for children is defined as sacred.

Answer 48

family devotion

Question 49

Compared to mothers without kids, raters grades mothers as less competent, less committed, allowed to be late less frequently, and 12,000 average lower starting salary. This is describing the ____

Answer 49

motherhood penalty

Question 50

Compared to men without children, fathers rated as more committed, allowed to be late more frequently, 2x more likely to be recommended for management, and 4,000 higher salary. This is describing the ____

Answer 50

fatherhood bonus

Question 51

In the Dow article, integrated motherhood was more common among ___ mothers

Answer 51

black

Question 52

In the Turco study, 7 out of 20 African American men respondents said that race was not an issue ___ their firms and race mattered ____ their firms

Answer 52

inside, outside

Question 53

In Turco's study why were white women more excluded than AA men? a. bc AA men were more skilled at the job b. bc AA men had more cultural resources in sports knowledge and aligned with the work devotion schema c. bc AA men got along with coworkers better d. all answers

Answer 53

b

Question 54

T or F: Broader cultural stereotypes of AA men as more hostile or aggressive are more of a disadvantage in a competitive and aggressive industry like LBO

Answer 54

F; less of a disadvantage

Question 55

According to Correll, Bernard and Paik's (2007) laboratory study, among similarly qualified job applicants . . . a. Equally qualified mothers and women without children were seen as equally hirable b. Equally qualified mothers and women without children were offered similar average starting salaries c. Men without children were offered an approx. $4,000 lower salary than equally qualified fathers d. The starting salaries offered were not affected by the applicant's presumed race

Answer 55

c

Question 56

T or F: According to Turco’s research on the LBO industry, African American men generally faced little to no racial bias in industry contacts outside their organization.

Answer 56

F

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT an important cultural structure (also called a cultural resource, cultural schema, or norm) identified in one or more of the Week 4 readings (Blair-Loy & Cech (2022), Correll et al. (2007) and Turco (2010))? a. Valuing sports knowledge b. Work devotion schema/ideal worker image c. Schema of personal responsibility d. Schema of scientific excellence e. ALL of the answer responses were identified in one or more of the Week 4 readings

Answer 57

c

Question 58

Which findings are common among all three Week 4 readings (Blair-Loy & Cech (2022), Correll et al. (2007) and Turco (2010)): a. Cultural structures (also called schemas and cultural resources) help shape career success. b. There is evidence of unfair negative beliefs about Black professionals. c. None of these responses is common across all three Week 4 readings. d. Among productive professionals, mothers are often devalued compared to fathers. e. All of these responses, except the no responses, are common across all three Week 4 readings. f. The profession studied is understood to require dedication.

Answer 58

e

Question 59

In the Blair-Loy study Misconceving merit, it was found that ____ individuals fare worse than white and heterosexual men on average in terms of respect for their research, professional integration and motherhood salary penalty a. mothers b.minoritized men c.mothers, women, minoritized men, and LGBTQ d.mothers e. LGBTQ

Answer 59

c

Question 60

On average, mothers' productivity is ___ to others, yet motherhood is seen as violating ___ devotion

Answer 60

equal, work

Question 61

_____ cultural yardstick for measuring competence and worthiness of an academic scientist

Answer 61

schema of scientific excellence

Question 62

T or F: On average, self-described competitive and self-promoting faculty earn higher salaries . . . but produce more scholarly articles or earn more grant dollars (net of department and job level).

Answer 62

F: do not produce

Question 63

Could women avoid any motherhood penalties by simply avoiding becoming mothers? How do Turco’s findings about women without children compare to Correll et al.’s (2007) findings? a. Motherhood penalties were imposed on all females in the study, regardless of whether they were mothers. Correll found the same findings. b. none of the answers c. Motherhood penalties were imposed on all females in the study, regardless of whether they were mothers. Correll found that non-mothers do not face motherhood penalties but experience a childless bonus as they are viewed as more devoted to their jobs.

Answer 63

c

Question 64

___ fathering is when a father is there for visible events but little day to day care

Answer 64

public

Question 65

Which social structures shape physicians' public fathering practices? a. workplace structures (ex: working long hours) b. wives are full-time workers so they hire nannies c.Wives work shorter hours

Answer 65

a,c

Question 66

Which cultural structures shape physicians' public fathering practices? a. hegemonic masculinity (hazing in med school, longest hours =highest respect) b. family devotion schema c. work devotion schema d. gender essentialism

Answer 66

a,c,d

Question 67

___ fatherhood in involved in daily, routine care for kids

Answer 67

private

Question 68

Which social strcutures shape EMT fathering practices? a. long work hours, no boundaries between work and home b. long work hours but boundaries between work and home. c. wives work part-time and share a smaller family income d. wives work full time and earn a larger share of family income e. hire nannies to help out f. extended family rather than paid child care

Answer 68

b, d, f

Question 69

The two cultural structures shaping EMT fathering practices are ___ devotion and ______ masculinity

Answer 69

work, white working class

Question 70

In the African American community, the alternative mothering ideology is financial ____ plus relying on __ and ___ for care

Answer 70

self-reliance, kin, community

Question 71

T or F: Black women reject the white hegemonic separate spheres ideology but feel accountability to an alternative ideology, "integrated mothering."

Answer 71

T

Question 72

African American middle- and upper-middle-class mothers used four strategies to navigate the challenges… related to the thug image. Which of these strategies does this example represent: " moms tried to help their sons acquire what they viewed as an essential life skill: the ability to seamlessly shift from communities that differed by race, class, and gender" a. environment management b. image and emotion management c. all of the answers d. experience management

Answer 72

d

Question 73

African American middle- and upper-middle-class mothers used four strategies to navigate the challenges… related to the thug image. Which of these strategies does this example represent: "looked for neighborhoods schools, churches, friend groups where their son would not be a black guy but rather a known friend "one of us" a. environment management b. image and emotion management c. all of the answers d. experience management

Answer 73

a

Question 74

African American middle- and upper-middle-class mothers used four strategies to navigate the challenges… related to the thug image. Which of these strategies does this example represent: moms advised their sons to refrain from responding to discrimination at the moment, instead taking their time to determine the best approach. This often meant reframing race-related grievances in nonracial terms so they would be better received by white teachers and administrators" a. environment management b. image and emotion management c. all of the answers d. experience management

Answer 74

b

Question 75

According to Caviness’ (2015) article, generally speaking: a. All of the answer responses listed are correct (except the none are correct responses) b. None of the answers listed are correct. c. For many Black adults, their mothers and grandmothers were employed for pay while also raising their children. d. For many Black women, part of the understanding of being a good mother is having a paid job. e. For many Black families, kin, neighbors, and friends help the parents in the day-to-day care of children.

Answer 75

a

Question 76

According to Dow’s (2016) research, professional African American women try to protect their sons from harassment or violence from others in the wider society by: a. All of the answer responses listed are correct (except the none are correct responses) b. Encouraging their boys to respond immediately and directly to perceived instances of racism or discrimination from authority figures c. Teaching their boys to interact comfortably in majority Black spaces and in majority white spaces. d. None of the answers are correct. e. Teaching their boys to act tough to avoid being attacked.

Answer 76

c

Question 77

T or F: According to Shows & Gerstel’s (2009) study, the wives of men physicians generally have more power than the wives of EMTs when negotiating the gender division of labor at home.

Answer 77

F; wives of EMTs have more power

Question 78

T or F: According to the data Shows and Gerstel (2009) present, the highly-educated physicians in their study confidently challenge expectations of hegemonic masculinity at work.

Answer 78

F

Question 79

the bamboo ceiling is a barrier unique to _____ that hinders their advancement to ___ positions

Answer 79

Asian Americans, leadership

Question 80

T or F: Tight ethnic community based networks (e.g., Asian test prep schools) that helped 2nd gen academically absent in professional workforce

Answer 80

t

Question 81

Two-thirds of Asian women interviewees raised the topic of ___ rather than ___

Answer 81

gender, race

Question 82

When Asian American professionals faced microaggressions,they responded by: a. standing up for themselves b. staying quiet c. ignoring or minimizing it d. none of the answers are correct

Answer 82

c

Question 83

When Asian American professionals faced negative stereotyping they responded by: a.living up to the stereotype b. acting against the stereotype c. all the answers are correct d. breaking down the stereotype by communicating with aggressor

Answer 83

b

Question 84

Did Huang’s (2021) respondents personally experience blocked vertical mobility, a bamboo ceiling?

Answer 84

no still junior in their careers, but half witnessed it in senior colleagues' career