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psych 102 > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 frame works of psychology, who created them

A
  • Behaviourism: Watson & Skinner
  • Evolutionary: Darwin
  • Psychodynamics: Freud
  • Social-cultural: Lewin
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2
Q

What is the process of deriving information in psychology (catalog, predict, apply)

A

Anecdotal info: describe and measure information then catalog ex. case studies

Basic info: deals with empirical, theoretical data so we can understand & predict behavior
ex. experiments/testing

Applied approach: run the data to quantify the numbers
ex. a study that asks what advertisement makes people most likely to purchase a product

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3
Q

What is Behaviorism psychology?

A

Developed by Watson and Skinner, A branch of psychology that focuses on studying only directly observable behaviors rather than abstract mental processes

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4
Q

What is evolutionary psychology?

A

Developed by Darwin, the Field of study believes that the body and brain are products of evolution and that genetic inheritance plays an important role in shaping the complete range of thoughts and behaviors

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5
Q

What is Psychodynamic Psychology/psychoanalytic theory?

A

Developed by Freud, a theory that human mental processes are influenced by the competition between unconscious forces to come into awareness

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6
Q

What is socio-cultural psychology?

A

Developed by Lewin, norms of society are learned through interaction with others, behaviors may be culturally universal or cross-culturally

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7
Q

What are the 3 major branches of psychology? (ie what people go into after getting their degree)

A
  • Academic psychology
  • Applied psychology
  • Counselling psychology
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8
Q

What is the academic branch of psychology (job)

A
  • Focusing on research and instruction in the various areas and fields of study in psychology,
  • typically work at universities where they teach and conduct research
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9
Q

What is the applied branch of psychology (Job)

A
  • It Applies psychological principles to practical problems in other fields such as education, marketing or industry,
  • typically work with business consulting managers to address selection, performance etc
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10
Q

What is the counselling branch of psychology (Job)

A
  • The study of abnormal psychological behaviour and interventions designed to change that behaviour,
  • typically work as therapists, Freudian couch where patients lie on couch and say whatever came to mind while he took notes (shrinks)
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11
Q

What is the scientific method? (6 steps)

A
  1. Observation (ask a question, research it)
  2. Hypothesis (form hypothesis based on research)
  3. Test hypothesis/ experiment (design a study)
  4. Collect data (the tests results)
  5. Analyze data (find correlates)
  6. share data (report findings)
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12
Q

What are independent and dependent variables

A
  • Independent: Condition or event that is thought to be that factor changing another condition or event
    ex. type of soda diet or regular
  • Dependent: Condition or event that is expected to change as a result of the independent variable
    ex. level of blood sugar from the different types of soda
  • The changing of an Independent variable will affect the dependent variable
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13
Q

what should a hypothesis cover?

A

That a variable (Independent) will affect another variable (Dependent), and that these variables are operationalized

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14
Q

What does it mean to operationalize a variable? (measure)

A

To give a variable a testable/measurable definition

ex. When testing the speed of a car you would use mph.

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15
Q

How do researchers choose participants?

A

They take a sample, a group of people studied in an experiment, used to stand in for an entire group of people, probably using random selection

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16
Q

What are the 2 primary research methods, describe them (1 is observation, 1 is testing)

A
  • Descriptive: focuses on Case studies, naturalistic observation, surveys. Used to Observe, collect and record data
  • experimental research: Manipulation and control of variables. Identifies cause and effect

Descriptive describes behavior or data through observation, while experimental research attempts to seek and explain cause and effect by manipulating and testing data/variables

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17
Q

What are correlates?

A

Predictable relationship between two or more variables ex. an up tick in sun burns and sunscreen sales, the correlate is summer

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18
Q

Why doesn’t correlation equal causation

A

Because Just because two things correlate does not mean that they directly affect each other

ex. When a phone is low on battery, the phone slows down and the screen turns darker. Just because the phone slowing down correlates with the darker screen does not mean the two variables are causing the other. The causation is the phone being low on battery.

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19
Q

What are the ethical guidelines researchers follow (6 steps)

A
  1. Obtain Informed consent (signed waiver)
  2. Protect participants from harm and discomfort (make it pleasant for them)
  3. keep it confidential (results of studies are not to be identifiable)
  4. Make participation voluntary (if they want to leave let them)
  5. Do not use deception of incomplete disclosure (tell them the truth)
  6. Provide complete debriefing (tell participants everything)
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20
Q

What are the ethical guidelines researchers follow for using ANIMALS (The 3 Rs)

A
  1. Animals should be used only if the researcher cannot find any alternative methods (Replacement if you don’t need to use animals dont)
  2. use the least amount of animals possible (Reduction)
  3. limit pain, treat humanely (Refinement)
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21
Q

What is cross-sectional design?

A
  • A research approach that compares groups of different-aged people to one another
  • BUT It doesnt provide much explanation of how or when age related changes may have occured, cohort effects are difficult to separate for age effects
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22
Q

What is the cohort effect?

A
  • a group of people born around the same time will all be affected by the cultural and historical changes to which they were exposed as a cohort

ex. a lot of boomers are racist towards Vietnamese because they all lived through the Vietnam war

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23
Q

What is longitudinal design?

A
  • A research approach that follows the same people over a period of time by administering the same tasks or questionnaires and seeing how their responses change, prefered by researchers over cross sectional design
  • BUT it takes along time and a lot of people drop out over the course of their lives for different reasons
24
Q

What is cohort-sequential design? (blended)

A
  • Blended cross-sectional and longitudinal research, designed to look at how individuals from different age groups compare to one another and to follow them over time,
  • it addresses the issue of the cohort effect separating it from age effect, something cross sectional couldn’t do
25
Q

What are quantitative changes & qualitative changes?

A
  • Quantitative: involves gradual increases in some element, such as height or weight (ex. a caterpillar growing into a bigger caterpillar)
  • Qualitative: we are different in some way (caterpillar turning into a butterfly)
26
Q

What are teratogens? (prenatal)

A

Any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period (before birth)
ex. smoking, drinking, diseases

27
Q

What is proximodistal and cephalocaudal patterns? (patterns of how fetuses develop)

A
  • Proximodistal: fetus growth and development proceed from the center outwards
    (ie organs and body first then later limbs)
  • cephalocaudal: fetus growth develops from top to bottom, from head to foot
    (ie How the heads of babies are proportionately gigantic compared to their bodies and later their body size catches up)
28
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Programmed physical reactions that do not require any conscious thought to perform ex. close your eyes when something flies at your face

29
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

Developmental reduction of unnecessary neuronal connections allows stronger connections to flourish

(kinda like cutting dead branches off a tree so the health branches can grow more)

30
Q

What is cognitive development?

A

Changes in thinking (development) that occur over the course of time

31
Q

What is Piagets theory of cognitive development? (expecting)

A

Piaget believed people acquire and continuously build their schemes through experiences

ex. Children acquire schemes about birthday parties based on their own, a child might expect cake at a friends party since there was cake at their own birthday

32
Q

What is a scheme?

A

Piaget proposed a mental structure of framework for understanding or thinking about the world, they can change and as we gain knew knowledge

ie the mental picture/idea of something in your head

33
Q

What is the process of Piaget’s cognitive development? (schema, assimilation, accommodation)

A
  1. Schema: Template to organize
    information
    ex. child has pre-existing template of large furry thing = dog
  2. Assimilation: Apply template (schema) to
    new information
    ex. A child who knows what a dog is when faced with a bear might think it is a huge dog, calling the bear a huge dog is assimilation as they recognize it as what they perceive dogs to be (their pre-existing schema)
  3. Accommodation: Change the template in
    light of new information
    ex. Large furry thing doesn’t equal dog, large furry thing equals bear, new schema of what bear is
34
Q

What is factorial & multivariate designs for experimental research?

A
  • Factorial design: Manipulate more than one independent variable
    eg several conditions
  • Multivariate design: Measure more than one Dependant Variable
    eg several measures
35
Q

_______ is a research approach where scientists catalog data

A

Anecdotal

36
Q

which of the following approaches rely on quantitative data?
A) laboratory studies
B) surveys
C) field research
D) A+C
E) all of the above

A

(C) field research because quantitative data is based on researching the social world and field research is the best way to do that

37
Q

What is the preoperational stage in child development?
(2-7 yoa)

A
  • A developmental stage where a child begins to develop ideas of objects in the external world,
  • involves egocentrism and centration
38
Q

What is Egocentrism? (preoperational stage)

A
  • Flaws in children’s reasoning based on their inability to take another person’s perspective

ex. remember the video of the kid with the model, he could see a deer and a river but the researcher couldn’t, when they asked the kid what they (the researcher could see) the kid just listed what he himself could see, deer and river

39
Q

What is centration? (preoperational stage)

A
  • The understanding that certain properties of an object remain the same despite changes in its appearance

ex. 2 cups filled the same one is poured into a thinner taller cup, children think the taller glass is more water due to size difference

40
Q

what is the Concrete operational stage in child development? (7-11 yoa) (what they know to be true/CONCRETE in real world)

A

Stage during which children are able to talk about complex relationships but are still limited to understanding ideas in terms of real-world relationships

ex. kids understand cause and effect, size, distance etc

41
Q

What is the Formal operational stage in child development? (12+ yoa) (think outside box, use imagination)

A

Final cognitive development stage, children achieve hypothetical deductive reasoning and the ability to think abstractly

ex. tell a kid before this stagein a prompt that a feather can break a stone they wont be able to understand that this is hypothetical and will say no you cant since thats how the real world works, tell a kid in this stage you can break a rock with a feather they can understand that is not real life and except it as factual in this hypothetical

42
Q

What is Vygotsky’s “social child” theory? (how children learn socially)

A
  • learning relies on instructions and mimicry from the environment (scaffolding)
  • Interactions with mentors (parents, older siblings, teachers, peers etc) help by initially taking responsibility for basic tasks and as they get older the mentors take less responsibility

ex. Helping children with homework but not doing it for them (scaffolding)

43
Q

What are the 4 parenting styles?

A
  • Authoritative (good)
  • Authoritarian (ass)
  • Permissive (helicopter)
  • Uninvolved (who cares)
44
Q

What is authoritative (ative = good) parenting, what is the child outcome (how they turn out)?

A
  • The parenting style where parents are nurturing, and reasonable and encourage autonomy in children,
  • children should end up with high self-esteem, being cooperative and socially mature (think popular kid)
45
Q

What is authoritarian (arian = ass) parenting, what is the child outcome?

A
  • Parenting is Cold, rejecting frequently critical of child,
  • the child ends up with low self esteem, anxious, unhappy aggressive (think Max)
46
Q

What is permissive (helicopter) parenting, what is the child outcome?

A
  • Warm accepting, but micro-managing and overindulgent
  • Child ends up impulsive, disobedient rebellious, and overly dependent on adults (think Me)
47
Q

What is uninvolved (who cares) parenting, what is the child outcome?

A
  • Emotionally distant, little or no time spent with child
  • Child ends up anxious, has poor communication skills, anti-social (think school shooter)
48
Q

What are the 4 types of parental attachment, do they have high or low proximity with the mother and high or low anxiety? (S, A, A, D)

A
  1. Secure (interactive): high proximity with mom, low anxiety
  2. Anxious (inconsistent): high proximity, high anxiety
  3. avoidant (unresponsive): low proximity, low anxiety
  4. disorganized ( traumatizing): low proximity, high anxiety
49
Q

What is attachment?

A

Attachment is a significant emotional connection to another person ex. Mother-child

50
Q

What are stages 1-2 of moral reasoning?
(pre-conventional 0<9) (think punish & reward)

A

stage 1:punishment & obedience ex. avoid pain of punishment

stage 2: cost-benefit ex. get rewarded for doing good

51
Q

What are stages 3-4 of moral reasoning?
(conventional adolescence & adult) (think social)

A

Stage 3: Good Boy, Nice Girl ex. gain acceptance, avoid disapproval

Stage 4: Law and Order ex. follow rules/social norms/laws

52
Q

What are stages 5-6 of moral reasoning?
(Post-conventional 10-15% of adults) (think improve society)

A

Stage 5: Social Contract ex. promote societies welfare

Stage 6: Ethical Principles ex. Achieve justice

53
Q

What are “between groups” and “within groups” in experimental research?

A
  • Between groups: Expose each group to one condition eg.different participants in control and treatment groups
  • Within groups: Expose a single group to 2 different conditions eg. same participants in control and treatment groups
54
Q

What is Functionalism?

A

Developed by william james, it is a approach that considers how mental processes function to adapt to changing environments ties into evoluntionary approach,

ie why are we as humans able to see red but cats cant? humans because of our environment can see red since it was important to see fruit for survival, cats, predators, don’t need to see fruit but do need to see squirrels so they never evolved to see red but have cat-like reflexes as it was important to survive

55
Q

What is structuralism

A

A philosophical approach made by Wundt, that studies the structure of conscious experience, ie what is the color red

psych 102 (3 decks)

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