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Ergonomics > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(99 cards)

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1
Q

Why did it start

A

1957
to promote the discovery and exchange of knowledge concerning the characteristics of human beings that are applicable to the design of systems and devices of all kinds

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2
Q

ergonomics

A

the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its movements, and its cognitive abilities

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3
Q

human factors

A

the science of understanding the properties of human capability and applying this understanding to design, development, and deployment of systems and services

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4
Q

affordances

A

quality of and object, or an environment, that allows an individual to perform an action

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5
Q

foundations of science

A

based on empiricism

self correcting

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6
Q

goals of science

A
  1. Description
  2. Prediction
  3. Explanation
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7
Q

operational definition of a variable

A

a definition of the variable in terms of the operations or techniques the researcher used in order to measure or manipulate it. It forces us to describe abstract concepts in concrete terms

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8
Q

independent variable

A

manipulated or chosen by the researcher

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9
Q

dependent variable

A

variables measured by the researcher. the depend on the ind. variable

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10
Q

Reliability

A

the consistency of measurements

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11
Q

validity

A

degree to which and experiment, a procedure, or a measurement represents what it is supposed to represent`

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12
Q

Usabilility

A

learnability, efficiency, memorability, low error rate, satisfaction

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13
Q

knowledge in the world

A

sources of information outside of the individual

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14
Q

knowledge in the head

A

information from the world that has been internalized

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15
Q

response compatability

A

movement of control should match the outcome

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16
Q

usability testing

A

have users interact with system to identify flaws

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17
Q

human error

A

small and big errors

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18
Q

slip

A

failure in execution of action

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19
Q

mistake

A

errors in planning of an action

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20
Q

lapses

A

an intended action is forgotten and not carried out

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21
Q

violations

A

intentional choice to disobey rule or procedure

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22
Q

mode errors

A

action is appropriate in one system mode, but is carried out in a different mode

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23
Q

Error taxonomy

A

users action or inaction

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24
Q

error of omission

A

the user fails to perform a required action

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25
error of commision
the user performs an inappropriate action
26
processing taxonomy
errors classifies by their location in the human information processing system
27
input error
information from the sensory and perceptual processes
28
mediation error
cognitive processes that translate between perception and action
29
output error
die to the selection and execution of physical responses
30
operating error
a system is not used according to correct procedure
31
design error
system designer created an error-likely situation by failing to consider human tendencies or limitations
32
environmental stressors
noise, temperature, vibration, poor light
33
psychological stressors
anxiety, frustration, fatigue
34
Arousal
general energy level of operator. more stress >>> more _____
35
human information processing
characterizes the human as a communication system that receives input from the environment, acts on that input, and then outputs a response back to the environment
36
three stage model
stimulus...perception>>cognition>>action...response
37
perceptual stage
processes that operate from the stimulation of the sensory organs
38
cognitive stage
identifies or classifies the stimulus
39
action stage
an overt response if selected, programmed, and executed
40
sensory memory
acts as a buffer for stimuli received through the senses ans is constantly being overwritten by new information
41
REMEMBER THIS
Information is passes from sensory memory into working memory by attention
42
working memory
temporary memory system that you use in order to help you do other complicated cognitive tasks
43
detectability
the absolute limits of the sensory system to provide information that a stimulus is present
44
discriminability
the ability to determine that two stimulu differ from one another
45
absolute threshold
smallest amount of intensity needed for a person to notice a stimulus
46
difference threshold
smallest amount of different needed for a person to percieve 2 stimuli as different
47
spectral colors
a color comprised of a single wavelength
48
non spectral colors
color made of more than 1 wavelenght
49
trichromatic theory
any hue can be matched with a combination of 3 primary colors
50
opponet process theory
edwald heringin 1800's | color perception is controlled by the activity of 2 opponet systems
51
perceptual organization (grouping principles)
``` proximity similarity continuity closure common fate ```
52
proprioception
ability to feel what your muscles are doing and where your limbs are positioned
53
accommodation
automatic adjustments of the lens that maintain a focused image on the retina
54
vergence
degree to which the eyes are turned inward to maintain fixation on an object
55
vestibular system
works with vision and proprioception to control movements
56
static displays
are fixed and do not change
57
dynamic displays
change over time ex. speedometer
58
static displays: Conspicuity
how well the display attracts attention
59
alphanumeric displays
any displays that use words, letters, numbers, etc to convey information
60
overall density
the number of characters shown over the total area of a display
61
local density
the density in the region immediately surrounding a character
62
grouping
realted to the gestalt organizational principles
63
layout complexity
extent to which the layout is predictable
64
absolute judgement
refers to the classification of a stimulus when several options are available
65
color coding
use of colors for a static display to make it easier to remember and notice
66
shape coding
useful because people can distinguish a large number of shapes
67
Analog (dynamic display)
have a continuous scale or pattern
68
digital
present information alphanumerically
69
motion interpretability
how well a display represents the motion of an object
70
warning signals and labels
advisories, warnings, cautions
71
dichotic displays
when each ear receives different auditory information
72
speech displays
used to transmit slightly more complicated information
73
tactile displays
refer to any displays where information is conveyed by sense of touch
74
haptic displays
refers to a displays that applies force, vibration, or motion to the user
75
task analysis
techniques that are used to understand and represent human and system performance in a particular task or scenario. Can be used during the design of system or to evaluate. Break down into individual task steps
76
hierarchical task analysis (HTA)
involves breaking down the task under analysis into a ______of goals, operations, and plans. broken down into tasks, sub task, and plans
77
HTA steps
1. determine the overall goal of the task 2. determine task sub goals 3. sub goal decomposition 4. plan analysis
78
cognitive task analysis (CTA)
breaks down the components of the task in terms of the cognitive ability required during each step. may examine the perceptual ability or motor ability requirements as well. Requires and understanding of cognition and an expert level understanding of the task
79
additive mixing
combinations that increase the amount of light reflected (comp monitors)
80
subtractive mixing
combinations that reduce the amount of light reflected (paint)
81
hue
variations described by names such as red, purple, blue, etc
82
saturation
apparent purity, vividness, or richness
83
who developed the color circle and what does it do
issac newton. It describes the dimensions of hue and saturation
84
Protanopia
long wavelength (red) cones do not contain the erythrolabe
85
deutanopia
the medium wavelenghts (green) cones to not contain chlorolabe
86
visual acuity
represents the clearness or sharpness of vision
87
contrast sensitivity
represents the ability of the visual system to distinguish bright and dim components of a static image. ex night driving... or being able to read a light gray letter on a dark gray background.
88
perceptual organization
the process by which we apprehend particular relationships among potentially separate stimulus elements.
89
object motion
external object is moving
90
induced motion
a stationary background causes movement to be attributed to the wrong part of a scene
91
integral dimensions
cannot specify a value on one feature dimension without specifying the value on the other dimension
92
separable dimensions
dimensional combinations that exist independently of one another
93
oval window
``` passes vibration of the eardrum to a much smaller membrane. entry to inner ear through 3 bones malleus incus stapes 1 ```
94
two tone suppresion
when the neural respanse to a sound ca be supressed by a second sound
95
frequency theory
Rutherford. basilar membrane vibrates at the frequency of the auditory stimulus which causes neurons to respond at this frequency
96
Place theory
helmholtz. frequency of sounds affects a particular place on the basilar membrane and those particular neurons send signals to particular place in the brains
97
semantic context
words identifies by what you think the speaker meant
98
syntactic context
words arranged in grammatically correct fashion
99
somesthetic system
detects facets of the environment that you can feel

Ergonomics (2 decks)

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