midterm

Question 1

what are the categories of pupil abnormalities? (2)

Answer 1

1. abnormal pupil size
2. abnormal pupil reaction

Question 2

conditions with abnormal pupil size (2)

Answer 2

1. adie’s tonic pupil
2. horner’s syndrome pupil

Question 3

what is BLOCKED in Adie’s tonic pupil?

Answer 3

parasympathetic block

Question 4

what is BLOCKED in horner’s syndrome?

Answer 4

sympathetic block

Question 5

conditions with abnormal pupil reactions? give the defects (3)

Answer 5

1. marcus gunn pupil
2. parinaud’s syndrome
3. argyll robertson pupil

Question 6

point to remember in PUPILLARY DEFECTS/ ABNORMALITIES:

Answer 6

1. relative afferent pupillary defect
2. relative efferent pupillary defect

Question 7

defect when a lesion is at retina —-> pretectal nucleus

Answer 7

relative afferent pupillary defect

Question 8

defect when a lesion is at preganglionic —- postganglionic

Answer 8

relative efferent pupillary defect

Question 9

location of lesion if relative afferent pupillary defect

Answer 9

located from the retina to the pretectal nucleus

Question 10

location of lesion if relative efferent pupillary defect

Answer 10

located from the preganglionic to the post ganglionic fibers

Question 11

it is also known as relative afferent pupillary defect:

Answer 11

marcus gunn pupil

Question 12

what does RAPD mean?

Answer 12

relative afferent pupillary defect

Question 13

what is the other term for marcus gunn or RAPD/ APD?

Answer 13

pupillary escape

Question 14

marcus gunn:
is the damage unilateral or bilateral?

Answer 14

bilateral

Question 15

marcus gunn:
where is the damage at?

Answer 15

retinal ganglion

Question 16

what diseases can cause marcus gunn? (5)

Answer 16

1. CRAO
2. CRVO
3. BRVO
4. optic atrophy
5. marketed retinal detachment
   assymetric POAG

Question 17

does
1. corneal
2. lenticular
3. vitreous
4. refractive or emotional loss of vision

cause marcus gunn? yes or no?

Answer 17

no because its not connected to retina

Question 18

what disease/disorder does not cause marcus gunn response? (4)

Answer 18

1. corneal
2. lenticular
3. vitreous
4. refractive or emotional causes

Question 19

does loss of vision due to refraction cause marcus gunn?

Answer 19

no

Question 20

true of false
CRAO, CRVO, BRVO causes marcus gunn

Answer 20

true

Question 21

what test do you use to diagnose marcus gunn?

Answer 21

swinging flashlight

Question 22

in an afferent eye, the ______________ response is greater.

Answer 22

consensual

Question 23

what response is lesser?

Answer 23

direct response

Question 24

what equipment is used in the swinging flashlight test?

Answer 24

penlight

Question 25

marcus gunn can be detected at what part of the eye?

Answer 25

pupil

Question 26

argyll robertson pupil is always bilateral

Answer 26

true

Question 27

normal near response (light-near dissociation)

Answer 27

agryll robertson pupil

Question 28

does not respond to light or sometimes responds poorly to light

Answer 28

argyl robertson pupil

Question 29

this condition makes your pupil dilate poorly in darkness

Answer 29

argyll robertson pupil

Question 30

a parasympathetic condition that is CENTRAL and BILATERAL in nature

Answer 30

argyll robertson pupil

Question 31

list the common causes of argyll robertson pupil (3)

Answer 31

1. neurosyphilis 2. long term diabetes 3. alcoholism

Question 32

any interruption of both afferent pathway and the central inhibitory fibers ___________________ to the aqueduct

Answer 32

ventral

Question 33

it is caused by any interruption in the pattern of CN2 to CN3

Answer 33

Argyll robertson pupil

Question 34

what is CN 3

Answer 34

oculomotor nerve

Question 35

what is the function of CN 3

Answer 35

provides motor and parasympathetic innervation to some of the structures within the bony orbit.

Question 36

what is CN 2

Answer 36

optic nerve

Question 37

what is the function of CN 2

Answer 37

responsible for transmitting visual information. The optic nerve contains only afferent (sensory) fibers, and like all cranial nerves is paired.

Question 38

give the 4 types of neurosyphilis

Answer 38

1. primary 2. secondary 3. latent 4. tertiary

Question 39

it is a bacterial infection of the brain or the spinal cord

Answer 39

neurosyphilis

Question 40

it is a sexually transmitted infection that spreads through direct contact with syphilis sores.

Answer 40

syphilis

Question 41

a life threathening disease which is a result of an untreated syphilis for many years

Answer 41

neurosyphilis

Question 42

is syphilis treateble? yes or no bitch

Answer 42

yes, perhaps, it is very much preventable

Question 43

slowly progressive degeneration of the spinal cord that occurs in the tertiary phase of the syphilis

Answer 43

tabes dorsalis/ syphilitic myelopathy

Question 44

tabes dorsalis can start to affect ____________ years or more

Answer 44

20 years or more

Question 45

tabes dorsalis is common, yes or no

Answer 45

no

Question 46

syphilitic myelopathy is characterized by a triad of clinical symptoms namely what?

Answer 46

1. gait unsteadiness 2. lighting pains 3. urinary inconvenience

Question 47

a chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism due to relative or absolute insulin deficiency

Answer 47

long term diabetic mellitus

Question 48

long term diabetes affects the kidney

Answer 48

Over time, high blood sugar from diabetes can damage blood vessels in the kidneys as well as nephrons so they don't work as well as they should. Many people with diabetes also develop high blood pressure, which can damage kidneys too.

Question 49

which organ produces insulin?

Answer 49

pancreas

Question 50

if the insulin is not functioning properly, what happens?

Answer 50

glucose cannot enter the cells

Question 51

function of pancreas

Answer 51

creates natural juices called pancreatic enzymes to break down foods

Question 52

another central defect disorder which manifests a lesion affecting the posterior commissure and the pretectal nuclei with interruption to the more dorsal afferent light pathway

Answer 52

parinaud's syndrome

Question 53

parinaud's syndrome is another central defect disorder which manifests a lesion affecting the ________ and the _____ with interruption to the more dorsal afferent light pathway

Answer 53

posterior commissure and pretectal nuclei

Question 54

parinauds syndome is another central defect disorder which manifests a lesion affecting the posterior commissure and the pretectal nuclei with interruption to the _______

Answer 54

more dorsal afferent light pathway

Question 55

give the 3 things we should observe in a person with parinaud's syndrome

Answer 55

1. large pupils 2. constricts briskly to an accommodative target 3. constricts poorly to light

Question 56

give the other names for parinaud's syndrome (4)

Answer 56

1. dorsal midbrain 2. pretectal 3. sylvian aqueduct 4. koerbersalus-elshnig syndrome

Question 57

associated signs and symptoms for parinaud's syndrome (3)

Answer 57

1. vertical gaze 2. collier's sign 3. convergence- retraction nystagmus

Question 58

what is collier's sign?

Answer 58

is well known as unilateral or bilateral eyelid retraction due to midbrain lesions. This sign is usually caused by infarction, tumor, multiple sclerosis, neuro-degenerative disease, or encephalitis.