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SLP 661- Voice > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What are the various functions of the larynx?
Describe them

A

EMOTIONAL:The larynx allows us to convey moods/emotional states, intentional or unintentional

BIOLOGICAL: larynx prevents fluids and food from being aspirated in to trachea

LINGUISTIC: larynx allows us to produce vocal stress [atterns or suprasegmental qualities that enhance the meaning of our utterances

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2
Q

SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN
What is estimate of the prevalence of voice disorder?

A

prevalence rate of 6% to 9% suggests that there are between 4.5 & 6.6 million children w/ voice disorder

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3
Q

YOUNG ADULTS
What is estimate of the prevalence of voice disorder?

A

14,794 young adults aged 24-34 years, 6% experienced a voice disorder

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4
Q

65+
What is estimate of the prevalence of voice disorder?

A

-true prevalence unknown
-20%-30% completing survey about voice currently have voice disorder; lack QoL
- adults 70yrs+ were 2 1/2 times more likely to get VD

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5
Q

TEACHERS
What is estimate of the prevalence of voice disorder?

A

prevalence of VD in U.S. tchrs
4% - 57% or higher

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6
Q

FUTURE SLPs
What is estimate of the prevalence of voice disorder?

A

prevalence of VD in 104 US student SLPs (94% woman)
- 12% had features of dysphonia
-Higher prevalence rate than that of the general population of students

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7
Q

describe passive forces of respiratory cycle

A

-we let elastic forces retire the system to a resting position after inspiration
- Forces include: muscles, cartilages, ligaments, lung tissue, the surface tension of film that lines the alveoli and pull of gravity
-diaphragm: relaxes and rises
-reduce thorax size during expiration

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8
Q

describe active forces of respiratory cycle

A

-we use muscular effort to push just a little farther
-forces includes: muscle strength within chest wall, their patterns of movement, & amount of air contained in the lungs
-Abdominal Muscles contract: internal oblique, external oblique, transverse oblique, rectus abdominal
-inspiration

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9
Q

What is vocal pitch

A

-VP: perceptual attribute that is correlated with the frequency (rate) of vocal fold vibration

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10
Q

What is vocal loudness

A

perceptual attribute that is correlated with the intensity of the sound wave generated during phonation

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11
Q

Why should we be concerned about reflex? (GERD, LPRD)

A

-laryngeal exam findings: posterior glottal redness, ulcers, pharyngeal irritation, arytenoid hyperplasia w/ granuloma

-upper airway conditions: stridor, paradoxical VF movement, chronic nasal irritation, chronic cough and dysphonia

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of resonance?

A

-ORAL CAVITY essential for resonance as the pharynx due to moving structures (mandible)
-TONGUE most mobile articulator, possesses both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles to move it
-structural adequacy & normal functioning of the VELUM (tensing/elevating) important for development of normal resonance

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13
Q

What is hyper nasality?

A

excessive undesirable amount of nasal cavity resonance during the phonation of normally non nasal vowels and non nasal voice consonants

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14
Q

What is hypo nasality?

A

-reduced/ lack of nasal resonance for the 3 normally nasalized English phonemes /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/
-result of anatomical obstruction in nasal cavity

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15
Q

Why are vocal nodules located at the anterior one-third and posterior two-thirds of the vocal folds?

A
  • because this is the point of maximum excursion of the membranous VF portion
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16
Q

Why is difficult to distinguish between function and organic voice disorder

A

traditional medical distinction between organic/function is misleading because vocal misuse/abuse (functional) can lead to a pathology of vocal nodules (organic) & vice versa

17
Q

What is glottal fry?

A

-creaky voice
-normal voice register
-larynx vibrates different ways to adjust airflow
-frequency ranges from 35-90 Hz for both males/female
-average airflow rate- 12-20 cc

18
Q

What is Glottal Fry technique

A

-shortens & relaxes thyroarytenoids
-produce on a vowel (i)
-resonance applies
-no linguistic features
-the focus is on the intrinsic
muscles
-lowest vocal fold vibration
-nodules are least reduced

valuable for pt’s w/:
vocal nodules
polyps,
cord thickening,
functional dysphonia,
spasmodic dysphonia
ventricular phonation

19
Q

How do we change pitch?

A

we change pitch
1. LENGTH of vocal fold
2. TENSION of VF
3. MASS of VF per unit of length

20
Q

How do we change vocal loudness?

A

Vocal loudness is changed by
1. sub glottal pressure
2. medial compression of the CF
3. duration, speed, & degree of VF closure

21
Q

What are the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

A
  1. Posterior Cricoarytenoid (PCA)
  2. Lateral Cricoarytenoid (LCA)
  3. Interarytenoid (IA)
  4. Thyroarytenoid (TA)
  5. Cricothyroid (CT)
22
Q

What is the Innervation and Function of
POSTERIOR CRICOARYTENOID (PCA)

A

IN: Recurrent laryngeal nerve (CNX)

FU: Abducts the VF

23
Q

What is the Innervation and Function of
LATERAL CRICOARYTENOID (LCA)

A

IN: Anterior branches of recurrent laryngeal nerve (CNX)

FU: Adducts the VF/closes membranous glottis

24
Q

What is the Innervation and Function of
INTERARYTENOID (IA)

A

IN: Internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

FU: Composed of 2 muscle bundles
1.transverse arytenoid (unpaired)
2. Oblique arytenoid (paired)
Both assist in adduction and medial compression

25
Q

What is the Innervation and Function of
CRICOTHYROID (CT)

A

IN: superior laryngeal nerve

FU: Vocal Folds
1. Length increases
2. Tension increases
3. mass per unit of length decreases
4. muscle involved in pitch change
lowers, elongates, and thins the VF

26
Q

The intrinsic laryngeal muscle responsible for abducting the vocal folds is the …

A

posterior cricoarytenoid

27
Q

The ___________ branch of Cranial Nerve _______ innervates thyroid arytenoid muscles

A
  • recurrent laryngeal nerve
  • X (vagus)
28
Q

how do VF nodules develop?

A

-Acute or chronic stress applied to the vocal folds
-High subglottal pressure (i.e., yelling, from Lab1)
-Hyperadduction of the vocal folds
-Vocal fold lengthening (using a pitch higher than a habitual pitch)
-Dehydration of the vocal folds
-Inflammatory or infectious condition onset
-Edematous; unilateral → fibrous; bilateral

29
Q

What is the Innervation and Function of
THYROIDARYTENOID (TA)

A

IN: Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

FU:
1.vocalis
-Tenses vocal folds
2.muscularis
-Relaxes and adducts vocal folds

30
Q

What are the 10 communication style measures or
ratings for targeting gender speech-voice presentation

A
  1. Altered lexicon
  2. Breathiness
  3. Facial expression
  4. Gesture
  5. Intonation
  6. Pitch
  7. Pitch flexibility
  8. Rate
  9. Volume and loudness
  10. Vowel prolongation

SLP 661- Voice (3 decks)

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