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Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

research objectives

A

describes what researchers expect to achieve through a project

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2
Q

research hypothesis

A

a statement or explanation that is suggested by knowledge or observation but has not yet been proved or disproved

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3
Q

deductive reasoning

A

broad reasoning, begins with question and then narrows down

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4
Q

inductive reasoning

A

analyzing data and forming new questions from results

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5
Q

analytic research

A

A research method that provides in-depth evaluation and synthesis of available
information

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6
Q

descriptive research

A

A research method that describes the characteristics of the population or phenomenon
studied

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7
Q

experimental research

A

A research method that provides the strongest evidence for causation due to experimental
manipulation

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8
Q

survey studies

A

a descriptive study where researchers administer questionnaires (or a series of questions) to research
participants who answer the questions themselves

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9
Q

case studies

A

a descriptive study that involves an up-close, in-depth, and detailed examination of a subject or case,
as well as its related contextual conditions

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10
Q

correlational study

A

a descriptive study that determines whether two or more variables are correlated

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11
Q

developmental study

A

a descriptive study that deals with humans’ growth and developmental change over time.
It can use a cross-sectional approach, which makes comparisons at a single point in time or longitudinal approach, which observes and measures a group over time

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12
Q

normative study

A

a descriptive study in which the purpose is to develop performance standards, which can be norm-referenced or criterion-referenced

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13
Q

observational study

A

a descriptive study where the purpose is to observe, record, and analyze certain attributes of people or a program over a period of time

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14
Q

action research study

A

a descriptive study conducted in the natural setting where findings can be directly applied

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15
Q

casual comparative study

A

a descriptive study hat attempts to identify cause-effect relationships between independent and dependent variables by comparing two or more groups of individuals

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16
Q

similarities between causal-comparative and experimental studies

A

Both require at least one categorical variable, both compare group performances to determine causative relationships.

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17
Q

differences between casual-comparative and experimental studies

A

experimental studies involve the independent variable being manipulated, and provide stronger evidence for
causation, and the researcher assigns subjects to
different treatment groups.

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18
Q

randomized control trial

A

an experiment where subjects are randomly allocated in different experimental conditions and often considered the gold standard for a clinical trial

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19
Q

cluster randomized control trial

A

is a type of randomized controlled study in which
groups of subjects (as opposed to individual subjects) are randomized

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20
Q

quasi-experimental study

A

shares similarities with the traditional randomized controlled trial, but they specifically lack the element of random assignment

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21
Q

research design

A

a framework or an overall strategy
created to integrate the different
components of the study in a coherent
and logical way, thereby ensuring
researchers to effectively address the
research problems

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22
Q

variables

A

an attribute or property of an object of study
that can take on different values

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23
Q

independent variable

A

The experimental, or treatment, variable
that can be manipulated; it often serves
as the cause

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24
Q

dependent variable

Study These Flashcards
A

variables being measured to assess the effects of the independent variable

25
categorical variables
A kind of independent variable except that it cannot be manipulated, for example, age, race, or sex
26
extraneous variables
An independent variable that can bias the results, disrupting the effect that the chosen independent variable has on the dependent variable
27
internal validity
whether the results of the study can be attributed to the different treatments in the study
28
external validity
whether the results of the study can be generalized beyond the study itself or applied to the real world
29
defining threats
Influences other than independent variables that might explain the results of the study
30
threats to internal validity
History, Maturation, Pre-Testing, Instrumentation, Statistical regression, Differential Selection, Attrition/Experimental mortality
31
threats to external validity
Sample representation, Interaction effect of testing, Interaction of selection bias and experimental treatment, Experimenter effect, Reactive effects of experimental setting, Multiple treatment interference, Treatment diffusion
32
epidemiological research
the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in specified populations
33
case-control study
a type of observational and retrospective study in which two existing groups differing in outcome are identified and compared based on some supposed causal attribute
34
cohort studies
a type of longitudinal study used to investigate the causes of disease and to establish links between risk factors and health outcomes without experimental manipulation
35
prospective cohort study
a longitudinal study that follows over time a group of similar individuals (cohorts) who differ with respect to certain factors and to determine how these factors affect the rates of a certain outcome
36
retrospective cohort study
a historical/longitudinal study that looks back at events that already have taken place
37
data types
defines the meaning of the data and the operations that can be done on the data
38
Nominal
a categorical data that classifies objects in accordance with similarities and differences with respect to some property; no rank order
39
ordinal
a categorical data that can rank order based on an underlying continuum and have no common unit of measurement
40
binary
Categorical data whose unit can take on only two possible states
41
discrete
numerical data that is limited to only whole units and have no fractional units
42
interval
continuous numerical data that has known and equal distances between score units, but having no true zero point
43
ratio
continuous numerical data that has the same properties as interval data, but does have a true zero point
44
descriptive statistics
presenting, organizing, and summarizing data
45
inferential statistics
drawing conclusions about a population based on data observed in a sample
46
measures of central tendency (descriptive statistics)
mean, median, mode
47
measures of variability (descriptive statistics)
range, standard deviation, variance
48
measures of relationship
Pearson product correlation coefficient
49
independent t-test
Used to compare two separate sets of scores from two independent samples
50
dependent t-test
Used to compare two sets of scores from the same sample or two samples that are matched or paired
51
One-way ANOVA test
Used to compare means of multiple groups that are affected by one independent variable.
52
Two-way ANOVA test
Used to compare means of multiple groups that are affected by two independent variables
53
chi-squared test
examines whether two distributions of categorical or discrete variables are equal
54
Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
Compares 2 dependent (paired) median, paired t-test
55
Mann-Whitney Test
Compares 2 independent median, independent t-test
56
Kruskal-Wallis Test
Compares 3 or more medians (1 variable), one way ANOVA
57
Friedman Test
Compares 3 or more medians (1 variable), Two-way ANOVA
58
simple regression analysis
a statistical procedure that builds an equation to estimate a dependent variable from an independent variable
59
odds ratio
a ratio of the odds that an event occurring in an exposed group to the odds of an event occurring in an unexposed group

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