Midterm

Question 1

Multicultural Psychology

Answer 1

Systematic study of
behavior, cognitions, and
affect in settings where
people of different
backgrounds interact

Question 2

Culture

Answer 2

The values, beliefs, and
practices of a group of people,
shared through symbols, and passed
down from generation to
generation.

Question 3

Descriptive Culture

Answer 3

specific behaviors & activities
associated w/ a culture

Question 4

Normative Cultureq

Answer 4

rules that govern the behavior of a
group

Question 5

Psychological Culture

Answer 5

behavioral processes, learning, &
problem solving

Question 6

Structural Culture

Answer 6

reflects the organizational elements of
a culture

Question 7

Historical Culture

Answer 7

a group’s heritage & traditions

Question 8

Biological Concept of Race

Answer 8

group
of people who share a specific
combination of physical,
genetically inherited
characteristics that distinguish
them from other groups

Question 9

Sociocultural concept of Race

Answer 9

characteristics, values, & behaviors
that have been associated w/
groups of people who share
different physical characteristics
serve the social purpose of
providing a way for outsiders to
view another group & for members
of a group to perceive themselves.

Question 10

Intersectionality

Answer 10

Tmeaningful ways in which
various social statuses (e.g., race,
gender, social class) interact and
result in differing experiences with
oppression and privilege.

Question 11

Culture Contact

Answer 11

ritical incidents in which
people from different cultures come
into social contact with one another
either
(a) by living and working with one
another on a daily basis, or
(b) through visiting other countries on
a temporary basis, such as for
business, tourism, or study.

Question 12

Equality

Answer 12

assumes that everyone is equal,
such as everyone’s vote in an election
counts the same as everyone else’s vote

Question 13

Equity

Answer 13

recognizes differences and
injustices and helps to provide remedies
for these injustices, such as by recognizing
the extra difficulties encountered by
students from poor backgrounds and
providing scholarships for them.

Question 14

Eugenics

Answer 14

A movement that maintains
that only “good genes” should be
passed from generation to
generation and that “undesirable”
groups should be dissuaded from
reproducing.

Question 15

Worldview

Answer 15

A worldview is a
psychological perception
of the world that
determines how we
think, behave, and feel.
It’s how 2 people can
react & interpret the
same situation differently

Question 16

Etic Perspective

Answer 16

an attempt to build theories of human
behavior by examining commonalities across many cultures

Question 17

Emic Perspective

Answer 17

an attempt to derive meaningful concepts
within one culture

Question 18

Imposed Ethics

Answer 18

the imposition of one culture’s worldview on
another culture, assuming that one’s own worldviews are
universal.

Question 19

Individualism

Answer 19

social pattern where individuals are
motivated by their own preferences, needs, & rights
when they come into conflict with those of a group

Question 20

Collectivism

Answer 20

social pattern where individuals are
motivated by the group’s or collective’s preferences,
needs, and rights

Question 21

Guilt

Answer 21

a prominent
negative emotion in
individualistic cultures
that involves an
individual’s sense of
personal regret for
having engaged in a
negative behavior

Question 22

Shame

Answer 22

a prominent negative
emotion in collectivistic cultures
that involves an individual’s sense of
regret for having engaged in a
negative behavior that reflects badly
upon his or her family and/or upbringing.

Question 23

Stereotype

Answer 23

A cognitive categorization
or generalization of people based on
some demographic characteristic.

Question 24

Attribution Theory

Answer 24

A theory that attempts to determine
the cause of a behavior, two
dimensions:
- Internal-external: Who’s fault is it?
- Stable-unstable: How often does it happen

Question 25

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 25

Tendency to overestimate character (internal, stable) causes of behaviors and to underestimate external causes of behaviors What we “see” is the person, not always the contextual factors

Question 26

Ultimate Attribution Error

Answer 26

Tendency to ascribe the cause of a behavior to personality characteristics of the group rather than to an individual member.

Question 27

illusory correlation

Answer 27

an overestimation of the co-occurrence of two minority events; if European Americans and Latinxs have engaged in the same percentage of shoplifting in the past, store managers and workers may feel that Latinxs engage in a greater amount of shoplifting (illusory correlation) because the co-occurrence of the minority group (Latinx) and the minority behavior (shoplifting) in the past had a greater impact on perception

Question 28

Availability Heuristic

Answer 28

mental shortcut whereby the importance, frequency, or credence of something is exaggerated because it comes to mind easily

Question 29

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Answer 29

when two cognitions are in conflict, a person will be motivated to change one of them to reduce the unsettled feelings caused by the discrepancy; justifying our actions by putting the blame onto someone else

Question 30

Stereotype Threat

Answer 30

Fear that one will confirm the negative stereotype of a group to which one belongs, in an area in which the individual excels

Question 31

Prejudice

Answer 31

a negative judgment about a group or its members based on their categorization –Internal

Question 32

Discrimination

Answer 32

negative behavior toward a group or its members based upon their categorization –External

Question 33

Overt Racism

Answer 33

those in the majority engage in open, hostile acts of aggression against racial minorities consciously & unapologetically

Question 34

Covert intentional racism

Answer 34

behavior covered up so that one can deny his or her racism

Question 35

Covert unintentional racism

Answer 35

unintentional behavior but serves to perpetuate ongoing racist acts

Question 36

Color Blind Racial Ideology

Answer 36

An attempt to pretend race and racism will not exist if people ignore race and ethnicity

Question 37

Power Evasion

Answer 37

Differences in accomplishment are completely based on individual’s own work, not due to any advantages of color built into the system

Question 38

Microaggressions

Answer 38

A small slight that maybe intentional but is mostly unintentional & does not harm the target of the offenses in any major way but can accumulate to be burdensome over time.

Question 39

Microassault

Answer 39

a blatant verbal, nonverbal, or environmental attack intentionally discriminatory or biased

Question 40

Microinsult

Answer 40

an unintentional behavior or verbal comment conveying rudeness or insensitivity

Question 41

Microinvalidation

Answer 41

an action that excludes, negates, or dismisses the perceptions of the target person.

Question 42

Privilege

Answer 42

System of unearned advantage granted due to social identity

Question 43

First Socialization

Answer 43

Taught on a personal level by parents, family members, teachers, people we love and trust * They shape our: expectations, norms, values, roles, rules, goals, and dreams

Question 44

Institutional and Cultural Socialization

Answer 44

Reinforced with messages from * Institutions, schools, church * Media, music * Legal system * Mental & medical healthcare On conscious and unconscious level

Question 45

Enforcement

Answer 45

Rewards and privileges for maintaining rules & roles * Punishments for going against conventional messages

Question 46

Health

Answer 46

a complete state of physical, mental, & social well-being (not merely the absence of disease)

Question 47

Health Behaviors

Answer 47

behaviors people do to enhance or maintain their well-being

Question 48

Health Psychology

Answer 48

study of psych influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, & how they respond when sick

Question 49

Health Belief Model

Answer 49

A set of assumptions that suggests that one’s health behavior is affected by one’s perception of a personal health threat & by how a particular health practice would be effective in reducing the health threat

Question 50

Susceptibility

Answer 50

likelihood of acquiring a disease or being impacted by an illness-producing stimulus

Question 51

Severity

Answer 51

intensity of negative outcome

Question 52

Benefits

Answer 52

advantage gained from a behavior

Question 53

Barriers

Answer 53

obstacles that reduce the likelihood of engaging in a new behavior.

Question 54

Taijin Kyofusho

Answer 54

Patients with taijin kyofusho (literally "the disorder of fear") experience extreme self-consciousness regarding their appearance. Patients suffer from intense, disabling fear that their bodies are embarrassing or offensive to others. This culture-bound condition has overlapping features with social phobia and body dysmorphic disorder.

Question 55

Somatization

Answer 55

The expression of mental disorders through physical disorders. - Example: In some Latino and Mediterranean cultures, people may complain of headaches or stomach aches instead of anxiety or depression.

Question 56

Cultural Competence

Answer 56

the ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures

Question 57

Responding to social inequality

Answer 57

Self-regulation of one’s own prejudiced behavior, Contact with members of negatively-stereotyped groups, Integrating the contact and self-regulation approaches to prejudice reduction,

Question 58

Conformity

Answer 58

where an individual sees the dominant culture as better and superior to all groups including one’s own group

Question 59

Dissonance

Answer 59

where there is a sudden OR gradual “occurrence” that challenges a person’s belief that the dominant group is superior

Question 60

Resistance and Immersion

Answer 60

where one becomes more immersed within his/her own cultural group, rejecting dominant culture with anger, guilt, and shame for his/her initial preference of the dominant culture and rejection of his/her own

Question 61

Introspection

Answer 61

where one becomes less angry at/distrustful of the dominant group, less immersed in own group, more appreciating of other cultural groups, and more apt to educate him/herself about own identity, though the process still creates some inner conflict

Question 62

Integrative awareness

Answer 62

where one finds greater balance, appreciates his/her own group & other cultural groups, and becomes aware of him/herself as an individual and a cultural being - recognizes differences among cultural groups, both positive & negative

Question 63

Racial Salience

Answer 63

The extent to which one’s race is relevant may differ, depending upon a particular time or in a particular situation

Question 64

Ethnicity

Answer 64

a category of people who identify with each other based on similarities such as common ancestry/history, language, and culture

Question 65

Nationality

Answer 65

The nation where you have legal citizenship

Question 66

Race

Answer 66

a group of people who share a specific combination of physical, genetically inherited characteristics that distinguish them from other groups

Question 67

Sociocultural concept of race

Answer 67

characteristics, values, & behaviors that have been associated with groups of people who share different physical characteristics serve the social purpose of providing a way for outsiders to view another group and for members of a group to perceive themselves.

Question 68

Eugenics

Answer 68

A movement that maintains that only “good genes” should be passed from generation to generation and that “undesirable groups” should be dissuaded from reproducing.