Midterm

Question 1

Half of the world’s population, if not more, is bilingual (T/F)

Answer 1

true

Question 2

About 35% of the U.S. population is bilingual (T/F)

Answer 2

False - 23% of the U.S. Population is

Question 3

Majority of Bilinguals do not have equal fluency in their languages (T/F)

Answer 3

True - No such thing as a balanced bilingual

Question 4

Weinreich (1968) and Mackey (2000) consider that ______ is a defining factor of bilingualism

Answer 4

Language Use

Question 5

A bilingual’s language history is ____

Answer 5

Complex, dynamic and has moments of stability

Question 6

Another term for “language loss” is:

Answer 6

Language Attrition

Question 7

What is The complementary principle

Answer 7

that a language is used in different domains (Grojean 1997)

Question 8

A person’s first language (L1) or mother tongue is always the bilinguals’ dominant language (T/F)

Answer 8

False

Question 9

Language mode is defined as the state of activation of the bilingual’s languages and language processing mechanisms at a given point in time. Does Grosjean assume that language mode is categorical, and binary? (Yes or No)

Answer 9

No

Question 10

If we were to present stimuli in an experiment that elicited the processing of code-switching, we would be eliciting

Answer 10

Bilingual Mode

Question 11

The factors which determine language choice are organized into the following categories:

Answer 11

participants, situation, content of discourse, and function of the interaction

Question 12

Code-switching is the integration of one language into another, that is, one language is part and subordinate to the other. (T/F)

Answer 12

False

Question 13

What is not a reason for code-switching (Marking group identity, using correct word or expression, semilingualism, including/excluding someone)

Answer 13

Semilingualism

Question 14

A bilingual individual is necessarily bicultural (T/F)

Answer 14

False

Question 15

The context in which the speech situation is taking place and the information about what has been said is called “bottom-up” information (T/F)

Answer 15

False

Question 16

The mental representation refers to the enriched meaning of what has been said(T/F)

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Spoken language processing takes place in parallel, on-line, and in an interactive fashion (T/F)

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Nonselective processing can be elicited with the use of homophones, homographs, and cognates in the experimental stimuli (T/F)

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Top down factors include:

Answer 19

The interlocutor and the context of the speech situation

Question 20

The base language is more strongly activated and is generally favored over the guest-language in bilingual discourse (T/F)

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Li (1996) shows that guest words pronounced as code-switches provide phonetic cues to the listener and as a result they are easier to identify tan when they are pronounced as borrowings (T/F)

Answer 21

True

Question 22

For bilinguals, speech in one language is transmitted to both language systems and other sources of information also feed into both systems (T/F)

Answer 22

True

Question 23

What are the three main components of speech production

Answer 23

Conceptualization, formulation, articulation

Question 24

At the level of articulation, the production process occurs in a ___

Answer 24

cascade

Question 25

in the initial stages of word selection bilinguals are not able to prevent their L1 from interfering with the production of their L2 (T/F)

Answer 25

True ; The results in Bongaerts, De Bot, and Schreuder (1998)

Question 26

The idea that code-switches will tend to occur at points in the discourse where the juxtaposition of L1 and L2 elements does not violate a syntactic rule in either language is known as:

Answer 26

equivalence constraint

Question 27

spreading activation

Answer 27

the memory representations of its constituent parts are activated first and then send their activation on to higher-level representations in the word-recognition system. The activation is transmitted along connections formed between these various types of memory representations during past reading practice. This transmission of activation along memory connections is usually called “spreading activation.”

Question 28

Interlexical Homographs

Answer 28

words with the same written form but different meanings in the two languages of the bilingual

Question 29

Cognates are like interlexical homographs, except the forms of the cognates overlap largely but not completely between the languages (T/F)

Answer 29

False

Question 30

Anaphora:

Answer 30

Words that refer to persons and things expressed before, such as "he" and "They" the use of a word referring to or replacing a word used earlier in a sentence, to avoid repetition, such as do in I like it and so do they.(From the Google)

Question 31

Bilingual word recognition is _______

Answer 31

nonselective

Question 32

The stimulus materials in Beauvillain and Grainger’s experiment may have put the participants in a bilingual mode, and as a result activating both language subsystems (T/F)

Answer 32

True

Question 33

language-selective word recognition

Answer 33

Selective activation of knowledge units belonging to the target language during word recognition

Question 34

The occurrence of a homograph effect depends on whether the target language is the stronger or weaker of the participants’ two languages (T/F)

Answer 34

True - Jared and Szucs (2002)

Question 35

Interlexical homograph studies have shown that the occurrence of a homograph effect DOES NOT necessarily depend on:

Answer 35

age of acquisition of participants

Question 36

IntrAlexical Neighborhood

Answer 36

the set of words that all share a substantial part of their form (say three letters out of four) with the target word, target and neighbors all belonging to the same language.

Question 37

L2 proficiency appears to be a more important determinant of L2 sentence processing than age of acquisition

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Evidence from only same-alphabet bilingualism has shown that visually presented words may give rise to automatic phonological activation in the nontarget language subsystem (T/F)

Answer 38

False

Question 39

Inter-subject or Between-subject studies

Answer 39

In bilingual writing research, the comparison of bilinguals’ L2 writing with monolinguals’ L1 writing

Question 40

Bilingual writing is a dynamic process that is implemented in a ______ fashion

Answer 40

cyclical

Question 41

During which subprocess do writers transform the content of their intended message into language?

Answer 41

Formulation

Question 42

What does it mean for the writing process to be recursive or cyclical?

Answer 42

some processes are activated and others deactivated depending on the specific moment in the composing process

Question 43

Studies have shown that when L1-dominant bilingual writers write in their L2, most of their attentional resources and writing time are devoted to formulating their texts (T/F)

Answer 43

True

Question 44

In addition to a set of cognitive-affective factors (including motivation, the need to overcome cognitive load, or the language in which knowledge is stored), the use of the L1 is socially mediated give than L2 writers are influenced by__________

Answer 44

what is values and promoted in their social writing networks

Question 45

Research on L2 writing skills requires the combined analysis of several variables, such as:

Answer 45

language proficiency, writing expertise, and educational experience

Question 46

Multicompetent writers do not acquire the ability to produce their texts by controlling and purposefully choosing what they consider to be the most appropriate elements from their knowledge sources, but just simply transfer writing features across languages (T/F)

Answer 46

False

Question 47

Reasons we should learn second languages (3)

Answer 47

Cognitive/Neurological Advantages, Social and Economic Benefits

Question 48

Dominant Bilingual

Answer 48

Bilinguals who are dominant in one language, the term 'dominance' may not apply to all domains.

Question 49

Subordinate Language

Answer 49

The less dominant language

Question 50

Attrition:

Answer 50

Bilinguals who are gradually losing competence in one language because of lack in use

Question 51

Age of Acquisition

Answer 51

important descriptor for bilingualism, earlier is better, findings on relationship between age and language proficiency at various linguistic levels.

Question 52

Domains of Language Use:

Answer 52

Interlocutors, place/location, topic

Question 53

Interlocutor

Answer 53

a person who takes part in a dialogue or conversation in bilingualism: a language relationship tends to evolve naturally. And once established, it is usually not easy to alter

Question 54

code-switching

Answer 54

shifting completely between languages

Question 55

borrowing

Answer 55

integration of one language into another

Question 56

code-mixing

Answer 56

particular to child language development

Question 57

static interference:

Answer 57

ES: permanent traces of one language on the other (phonetics/phonology, syntax)

Question 58

dynamic interference

Answer 58

linked to processing, may be due to emotion, stress or fatigue (not due to the state of knowledge of the two languages)

Question 59

Formal Competence

Answer 59

Knowledge of abstract rules of grammar

Question 60

Communicative competence

Answer 60

knowledge and ability to use a language in social contexts

Question 61

Bottom-Up information

Answer 61

information contained in the speech signal (Speech input)

Question 62

Top-down Information

Answer 62

contect, previous knowledge, information, etc.

Question 63

mental dictionary

Answer 63

the words stored in our lexicon

Question 64

conceptualization

Answer 64

The speaker must choose and organize the information that needs to be expressed based on what the listener already knows

Question 65

Formulation

Answer 65

lots of disagreement in the field as to waht goes on but basically this is where we select words, morphemes and such and arrange them into given phrases

Question 66

Articulation

Answer 66

speech plan is executed by means of the speaker's articulatory apparatus (cascading fashion, plan while we are speaking)

Question 67

What are some factors that affect activation:

Answer 67

Languages involved, general context, context of the study, other people present, topic, stimuli, experimental task

Question 68

Voice onset time (VOT)

Answer 68

relative timing of the release of the air for a stop consonant and the onset of phonation (voicing) of a following vowel

Question 69

selective proccessing

Answer 69

input in one language should only activate the target language

Question 70

non selective

Answer 70

linguistic input in one language can induce coactivation of both languages.