Midterm Flashcards
Plz ignore all the typos I made this super fast lol
Exceptionality
term for students with disabilities and/or gifted children; preferred term under IDEA
Handicapped
An archaic term; all but eliminated in the U.S; “begging cap in hand”
Impaired
federal government still uses this term; offensive to some ex. the deaf find this term offensive
Person first language
disability mentioned second “example: person with ___”.
Phillippe Pinel
french physician/ human treatment of patients
Jean Marc-Gaspard Itard
a French physician born in Provence. He is perhaps best known for his work with Victor of Aveyron
The wild boy of aveyron
French feral child who was found at the age of around 9. Not only is he considered the most famous feral child, but his case is also the most documented case of a feral child.
Benjamin Rush
Abolitionist; father of American psychology; public education; signer of declaration of independence
Compulsory education
Compulsory education refers to a period of education that is required of all people and is imposed by the government
Dr. Arnold Gessel
need a certain level of maturity to be capable of learning
Elizabeth farrell
an American educator, the first person to teach a class of special education students in an American public school, and the first president of the Council for Exceptional Children. first professors of ungraded education. From oneonta
Council for Exceptional Children
largest advocacy group in the world for children with disabilities; founded by Elizabeth Farrell.
Child guidance clinics
Kanner (U.S) and Asperger (EUROPE); founded CT; both looking at ASD
Skeels & Dye (1939)
Research study that was the basis for attachment theory; reactive attachment disorder; basic nurturing better outcomes and fewer disabilities
Brown v topeka board of ed
A landmark decision of the United States Supreme court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students and denying black children equal educational opportunities unconstitutional.
Hunt and Bloom
environmentalists, 50’s, decrease of # in men able to be part of the military based on IQ; war on poverty; IQ decreasing
The war on poverty
Lyndon Johnson declared war on poverty in his 1964 State of the Union address. A new Office of Economic Opportunity oversaw a variety of programs to help the poor, including the Job Corps and Head Start.
Compensatory education
Programs designed to prevent or remediate learning problems among students from lower socioeconomic status communities; head start; one size doesn’t fit all
Head start
a federal program that provides academically focused preschool to students of low socioeconomic status
Geraldo Rivera Willowbrook expose
exposed conditions at Staten Island’s Willowbrook Hospital to a shocked American public
Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
class action lawsuit related to the educational rights of those with learning disabilities; the state could not deny an individual’s right to equal access to education based on an intellectual or developmental disability status
Mills vs. Washington D.C. Board of Education
Class action lawsuit for educational rights for all students with disabilities; The federal court requires that all students with disabilities and requires adequate alternative educational services appropriate the students’ needs; “all children are entitled to free public education and training appropriate to their learning capacities”.
Diana vs. Board of Education
The court ruled that children cannot be placed in special education based on Culturally biased tests.
Disability
term still in use
Larry P. vs. Riles (1979)
The court ordered that IQ tests could not be used as the sole basis for placing children into special education
Board of Education vs. Amy Rowley (1982)
United States Supreme Court case concerning the interpretation of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975. Amy Rowley was a deaf student, whose school refused to provide sign language; public schools are not required by law to provide sign language interpreters to deaf students who are otherwise receiving an equal and adequate education. LOST. Ruled that needs were met.
Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975
FAPE, LRE, IEP, CSE
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
A special education law that requires schools to educate students with disabilities in least restrictive environments to the greatest extent of their abilities using plans tailored to the individual needs of the students.
1975 Education of All Handicapped Children Act
guaranteed children with disabilities the right to public school education
FAPE
free and appropriate education
LRE
Least restrictive environment
IEP
Individual education program
Endrew F vs. douglas county school district
A court case that held that the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”), required schools to provide students an education that is “reasonably calculated to enable a child to make progress appropriate in light of the child’s circumstances.” “appropriately ambitious”. Parents objected that his goals and objectives were never being met. Ruling was that it is not enough to just meet the students needs, but they have to demonstrate that students are making progress. Progress monitoring!
Litigation
refers to the legal proceedings in order to resolve a dispute.
Legislation
refers to the act of making or enacting laws
Americans with Disabilities Act
Passed by Congress in 1991, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commercial buildings.
American with Disabilities Act what was apart of it?
Civil rights legislation regarding employment, transportation, telecommunications, accommodations
IDEA 6 principles
zero reject, nondiscriminatory evals, appropriate ed, LRE, due process parental and student participation. (Age 14 students invited to IEP but must take part at age 16).
eligibility for services
based on need, standards, categorical classification
The “blanket” label
children under school age until 9 years old; usually classified once entered into elementary school. Allowed until age 8 in NYS. Federally age 9
Federal Categories of Disabilities in IDEA
Autism (ASD), Hearing impairment, intellectual disability, multiple disabilities, orthopedic impairment, other health impaired, emotionally disturbed (EBD), specific learning disability, speech-language impairment, traumatic brain injury, visual impairment, gifted and talented
At risk
environmental risk (long list), biological risk (prematurity and low birth weight), established risk conditions (spina bifida, down syndrome/cerebral palsy etc.)
IDEA outcomes
equality of opportunity, full participation, independent living, economic self-sufficiency
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA, 1965)
Congress enacted it in 1965 as part of President Johnson’s “War on Poverty.”; authorizes federal funding for states to operate elementary and secondary education programs, especially those that benefit students from low-income families. also applies to students with disabilities, including those who receive IDEA services.
Rehabilitation Act (Section 504, 1975)
authorizes services for people with disabilities. If a person has a severe disability but, with rehabilitation, is able to maintain employment, the person is entitled to two types of vocational rehabilitation services. First, at the age of 16, the person may receive work evaluations, financial aid to pursue job training, and job locator services, all from the state rehabilitation agency.
Section 504
applies to any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. Because state and local education agencies receive federal funds, they may not discriminate against students or other persons with disabilities on the basis of their disabilities; prohibit discrimination solely on the basis of disability in education, employment, and other sectors of American life.
Technology Related Assitance to Individuals with Disabilties Act (1988)
grants federal funds to the states so that they can help create statewide systems for delivering assistive technology devices and services to people with disabilities, including students with disabilities
No child left behind 2002
Holds states, schools, and school districts more accountable for their standardized tests scores. The wanted outcome was better tests scores all around and overall a smarter and better population of young people that would positively contribute to a growing America.
Effects of NCLB
didn’t really improve anything or gaps especially in reading, was replaced
Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) 2015
requirements to ensure that: All students are held to high standards
Results of statewide assessments are broadly shared
Lowest-performing schools are accountable for improvement.
Two elements of disability
Disability; physical or mental impairment
Major life activity
functions that are important to most people’s daily lives. Examples: breathing, walking, talking, hearing, seeing, sleeping, caring for one’s self, performing manual tasks, and working.
Prohibited school actions
discrimination on the basis of age, race, gender, disabiltiy
Section 504 v. IDEA
Basically, IDEA and the Rehabilitation Act authorize federal, state, and local educational agencies to undertake programs in education and employment, respectively. Both laws provide funds for state and local agencies to pay for those programs. By contrast, Section 504 and ADA prohibit discrimination solely on the basis of disability in education, employment, and other sectors of American life. But these two laws do not provide federal aid
One-teach, one support
One teacher has primary instructional responsibility while the other assists students with their work, monitors behaviors, or corrects assignments, often lending a voice to students or groups who would hesitate to participate or add comments.
One-teach, one assist
one teacher designing and delivering instruction while the other teacher is providing individualized support to students
one teach one observe
One teacher teaches content and the other observes and collects data. Example: Ms. Sweeney leads the class in a lesson about Earth’s surface, while Mr. Corgan observes and collects data on student participation.
station teaching
Teachers take responsibility for different learning stations in the classroom. Example: Mr. Corgan leads a station reviewing the weathering of rock and soil, Ms. Sweeney leads a station introducing the effects of rivers and streams, and students work through the textbook together as peer tutors at a third station.
parallel teaching
The teachers divide the time that they are responsible for instruction. Example: Ms. Sweeney and Mr. Corgan each lead half the class in a lesson on Earth’s surface, with instructional differentiation as needed provided by both teachers during their teaching time.
Alternative teaching
The teachers teach different content, with the special education teacher responsible for more intensive instruction with smaller groups. Example: Ms. Sweeney leads most students through a critical thinking activity on topography, while Mr. Corgan reviews essential prior content knowledge with a small group in need of support.
team teaching
Teachers work together to lead the class, both using their areas of expertise to benefit all students. Example: Ms. Sweeney and Mr. Corgan lead the class together in a lecture on rivers and streams as dynamic systems impacting topography. Ms. Sweeney uses her extensive knowledge of science to develop the content and Mr. Corgan utilizes his knowledge of universal design for learning to create multiple ways for students to engage with the content.
Professionals who work with individuals with exceptionalities
expected to comply with the Code of Ethics of the Council for Exceptional Children, the nation’s special education professional association.
Paraprofessionals
They assist teachers, usually by working directly and more intensively with one or more students. They thereby enable the teachers to use their abilities and knowledge more effectively; may help a student with academic skills; more likely, they assist the student in self-help
Collaboration
Co-teaching exemplifies collaboration between general and special educators; it is a necessity and benefits students
Cooperative teaching
Co-teaching is a collaborative approach to instruction in which two teachers, typically a general education teacher and a special education teacher, work together to plan and then implement instruction for a class that includes students with disabilities.
Multidisciplinary
A special education multidisciplinary team is a team made up of members of a variety of specialties who identify and meet the needs of students with physical disabilities or other health impairments.
Interdisciplinary
An interdisciplinary team encourages and facilitates the collaboration of resources and ideas. For instance, general education teachers can plan and provide the course for all their students, while special educators work on meeting the learning goals of students with special needs.
transdiciplinary
works collectively to develop and implement solutions. Each member of the team contributes using their knowledge, experience and specializations, but the overall problem-solving process occurs as a collaborative effort.
Cultural identity
race, ethnicity, gender, language, religion, age, class, exceptionality, geography
Macroculture
a dominant societal culture
microcultures
specific characteristics of those of us in America, and to the specific beliefs, forms, and traits that some of us share with others but not with all of us.
Disability Microculture
The early court cases and the enactment of the federal law were the points of the spear that advocates used to solidify a microculture comprising people with disabilities, parents, educators, other professionals, and committed citizens. Don’t think that disability rights have just focused on special education. They haven’t; indeed, the disability rights movement addresses nearly every aspect of American life.
Melting Pot
a place where different peoples, styles, theories, etc. are mixed together. (problematic viewpoint); one culture created through assimilation to the majority culture. “Americanize”
e pluribus unum
Out of many, one- the U.S motto
Cultural Pluralism
The value and practice of respecting, fostering, and encouraging the cultural and ethnic differences that makeup society
Cultural and linguistic diversity
cultural and language home environments in today’s multicultural society that influences child growth/development and the nature of intervention for that child
Cultural mediation
the process of cross-linking the cultural and social spheres, and the building of new relationships between policy, culture and public space.
