Midterm Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
____________ is a study, theory, or science of being, of that which exists
a.) ontology
b.) epistemology
A
a.) ontology
2
Q
Some examples of ___________ include “Does God exist?” and “What is disease, and its characteristics in medicine?”
a.) ontology
b.) epistemology
A
a.) ontology
3
Q
__________ is the study of knowledge.
a.) ontology
b.) epistemology
A
b.) epistemology
4
Q
Some examples of _____________ include “What do people know?” and “How do we know what we know?”
a.) ontology
b.) epistemology
A
b.) epistemology
5
Q
_______________ is based on observable, measurable facts to measure a pair of variables and then determine relationships.
a.) positivism
b.) post-positivism
c.) interpretivism
A
a.) positivism
6
Q
__________ is using the voices and interpretations of informants, rather than direct measurement.
a.) positivism
b.) post-positivism
c.) interpretivism
A
c.) interpretivism
7
Q
___________ is learning with and about subjects, rather than assuming a testing role like in hypothesis-driven research.
a.) positivism
b.) post-positivism
c.) interpretivism
A
b.) post-positivism
8
Q
____________ is generally deductive, numerical analysis to measure phenomena to provide facts.
a.) quantitative
b.) qualitative
c.) deductive
d.) inductive
A
a.) quantitative
9
Q
___________ is generally inductive, non-numerical analysis to provide analysis.
a.) quantitative
b.) qualitative
c.) deductive
d.) inductive
A
b.) qualitative
10
Q
_____________ is hypothesis and explanation from theory/literature leads to gathering data to test the research question.
a.) quantitative
b.) qualitative
c.) deductive
d.) inductive
A
c.) deductive
11
Q
__________ is gathering data leads to analyzing to develop a theory, model or explanation
a.) quantitative
b.) qualitative
c.) deductive
d.) inductive
A
d.) inductive
12
Q
True or False: the mixed method approach is detrimental to the credibility of research findings, as it is less comprehensive than any single research approach.
A
False
13
Q
A researcher in the Sociology dept. is asking subjects why they scratch their face or twirl their hair while they talk. The same researcher analyzes the responses and comes up with a conclusion. What type of study can this be classified as?
a.) positivism
b.) interpretivism
c.) daoism
d.) empiricalism
e.) idealism
A
b.) interpretivism
14
Q
Which of the following rules is NOT essential in working with lab notebooks?
a.) always use permanent ink
b.) never erase
c.) always use numbered pages
d.) always copy your data to a new final notebook and work from a first copy
e.) keep a record of the date on each experiment entry
A
d.) always copy your data to a new final notebook and work from a first copy
15
Q
True or False: laboratory notebooks are considered legal documents, are usually owned by your employer and must be kept safe for a number of years if you are able to claim a creative work.
A
True.
16
Q
Which of the following is NOT an important consideration when designing experiments on human subjects?
a.) keeping records confidential
b.) ensuring that all relevant ethnic groups are being tested to the extent that is possible
c.) ensuring that the influence of treatment is understood in all relevant age and gender groups
d.) evaluating if the study can be done on a lower species before humans to ensure safety and efficacy
e.) conducting animal trials with human trial concurrently
A
e.) conducting animal trials with human trial concurrently
17
Q
Which of the following situations would you think could lead to an important ethical dilemma if the information was made public?
a.) question asking if a patient has one or more children
b.) question asking for previous employment history
c.) question asking if a patient has taken medication for heart disease
d.) question regarding known genetic mutations that could lead to disorders in family members
e.) question asking subject’s biological sex
A
d.) question regarding known genetic mutations that could lead to disorders in family members
18
Q
True or False: HIPPA rules apply both to clinical research and to patient medical data used in patient care.
A
True
19
Q
Which of the following is NOT a necessary requirement by IRB committees to provide informed consent to a patient?
a.) list of reasonable foreseeable risks of the procedure
b.) medical alternatives to undergoing the research
c.) financial disclosure statement by the medical team
d.) list of benefits that the subject may receive
e.) name of the clinical professionals to contact for further questions or problems
A
c.) financial disclosure statement by the medical team
20
Q
Which patient may be considered a “vulnerable population” to agree to participation in a research project?
a.) adults older than 65 years old
b.) students being studied by their professor or teacher
c.) patients with terminal disease
d.) patients with a large inheritable source of income
e.) college students on financial aid
A
b.) students being studied by their professor or teacher
21
Q
True or False: The problem with equipoise is that it only applies to medical personnel who have taken an oath to “do no harm” to their patients.
A
True
22
Q
True or False: surveys conducted on campus by students do not have to be evaluated for ethical issues by the IHRRB.
A
False.
23
Q
Which of the following approaches is NOT a particularly effective approach in solving a research problem?
a.) employ “Ockam’s razor” by first selecting the simplest hypotheses that is consistent with the data
b.) do some initial experiments and then tweak your hypothesis to fit the data
c.) tabulate all of the relevant facts regarding when the phenomenon occurs, when it does not occur and when it is present in varying degrees
d.) designing experiments which exclude alternative hypotheses that answer
A
b.) do some initial experiments and then tweak your hypothesis to fit the data
24
Q
True or False: science can never completely prove anything, but rather, it can only fail to disprove something.
A
True
25
Height is an example of __________________.
a.) continuous data
b.) nominal data
c.) ordinal data
a.) continuous data
26
State of residence is an example of...
a.) continuous data
b.) nominal data
c.) ordinal data
b.) nominal data
27
Cold, cool, temperate, warm and hot are examples of...
a.) continuous data
b.) nominal data
c.) ordinal data
c.) ordinal data
28
X axis graphical tradition shows the ___________________.
a.) independent variable
b.) dependent variable
a.) independent variable
29
Y axis graphical tradition shows the ___________________.
a.) independent variable
b.) dependent variable
b.) dependent variable
30
If X is nominal and Y is continuous, the correct type of graphical display is...
a.) bar graph
b.) scatter plot with regression
c.) 2x2 table or bar graph of occurrences in each quadrant
d.) bar graph with stacked frequencies
a.) bar graph
31
If X and Y are both continuous, the correct type of graphical display is...
a.) bar graph
b.) scatter plot with regression
c.) 2x2 table or bar graph of occurrences in each quadrant
d.) bar graph with stacked frequencies
b.) scatter plot with regression
32
If X is nominal and Y is ordinal, the correct type of graphical display is...
a.) bar graph
b.) scatter plot with regression
c.) 2x2 table or bar graph of occurrences in each quadrant
d.) bar graph with stacked frequencies
d.) bar graph with stacked frequencies
33
If X and Y are both nominal, the correct type of graphical display is...
a.) bar graph
b.) scatter plot with regression
c.) 2x2 table or bar graph of occurrences in each quadrant
d.) bar graph with stacked frequencies
c.) 2x2 table or bar graph of occurrences in each quadrant
34
When expressing populations of data that are important for the reader to understand the expected span of a normal distribution, such as age in a clinical study, you would either use a ________ or _________ to illustrate the variance of the sample.
a.) SD and SEM
b.) SD and 95% CI
c.) SEM and 25-75% Quartile
d.) SEM and SEE
b.) SD and 95% CI
35
How would you focus a PUBMED search with an author search?
a.) xxxxx [AD]
b.) xxxxx [AU]
c.) xxxxx [TA]
b.) xxxxx [AU]
36
How would you focus a PUBMED search with a search for a publication from a specific region or institution?
a.) xxxxx [AD]
b.) xxxxx [AU]
c.) xxxxx [TA]
a.) xxxxx [AD]
37
How would you focus a PUBMED search by looking for a topic in a specific journal?
a.) xxxxx [AD]
b.) xxxxx [AU]
c.) xxxxx [TA]
c.) xxxxx [TA]
38
True or False: science tells us that the creative process is most productive when an individual is isolated and given a chance to imagine new ideas.
False
39
True or False: publishers generally allow manipulations of figures with contrast or brightness if the same manipulation is applied across the entire image. More complex nonlinear manipulations of intensity are generally not acceptable for publication.
True
40
__________ is when treatment is kept hidden from the investigator and the subjects.
a.) double blinded
b.) single blinded
c.) complete randomization
d.) stratified randomization
a.) double blinded
41
________ is when treatment is kept hidden from the subjects.
a.) double blinded
b.) single blinded
c.) complete randomization
d.) stratified randomization
b.) single blinded
42
____________ is when all subjects are randomized at the beginning of a project.
a.) double blinded
b.) single blinded
c.) complete randomization
d.) stratified randomization
c.) complete randomization
43
__________ is when subjects are divided into categories prior to randomization into treated and untreated groups.
a.) double blinded
b.) single blinded
c.) complete randomization
d.) stratified randomization
d.) stratified randomization
44
What does the Borg scale measure?
a.) rate of force production
b.) rating of endurance capability
c.) rating of perceived exertion
d.) rating of fatigue
c.) rating of perceived exertion
45
You're writing in your lab notebook about an experiment you're conducting in chemistry. What should NOT be included in the results (aka not a result)?
a.) any odor that came about due to the protocol implementation
b.) the number of bacterial colonies that grew following addition of reagent
c.) how much reagent was added to the bacterial growth to see if it reacted positively or negatively
d.) the change in color of the bacterial growth from addition of reagent
c.) how much reagent was added to the bacterial growth to see if it reacted positively or negatively
46
True or False: you cannot ever manipulate figures. Publishers are strongly opposed to this, even if it is a simple change across all images in publication.
False
47
What is the most desirable way of handling outliers?
a.) do not remove any outliers
b.) try to transform your axis to bring the outlier into a more normal distribution
c.) perform GRUBs or DIXON outlier test to statistically remove a data point and report it in your results or methods.
d.) remove an outlier for biological or experimental reasons that can be justified
a.) do not remove any outliers
48
What is the least desirable way of handling outliers?
a.) do not remove any outliers
b.) try to transform your axis to bring the outlier into a more normal distribution
c.) perform GRUBs or DIXON outlier test to statistically remove a data point and report it in your results or methods.
d.) remove an outlier for biological or experimental reasons that can be justified
c.) perform GRUBs or DIXON outlier test to statistically remove a data point and report it in your results or methods.
49
What is NOT a trait of positive research?
a.) based in objectivity
b.) based on observable and measurable facts
c.) hypothesis-driven
d.) based on replication
e.) phenomenon is studied from the "inside"
e.) phenomenon is studied from the "inside"
50
True or False: a spurious link is a connection that should not exist in a real system, but is mistakenly recovered in the process of network inference from data.
True
51
______________ is taking the point of view of the people being studied.
a.) emic perspective
b.) etic perspective
a.) emic perspective
52
____________ is the researcher's perspective.
a.) emic perspective
b.) etic perspective
b.) etic perspective
53
____________ is data that can be any value or fraction on the number line.
a.) continuous data
b.) nominal data
c.) ordinal data
a.) continuous data
54
The axes of a histogram used to evaluate distribution is...
a.) Y = frequency in bins, X = magnitude
b.) X = magnitude in bins, Y = frequency
b.) X = magnitude in bins, Y = frequency
55
__________ refers to the consistency of the results obtained.
a.) reliability
b.) validity
a.) reliability
56
__________ answers the question "how do I know that the method I'm using is really measuring what I want to measure, and my conclusions are legit?"
a.) reliability
b.) validity
b.) validity
57
____________ refers to the initial assessment from an expert's point of view.
a.) face validity
b.) content validity
c.) predictive validity
d.) construct validity
b.) content validity
58
__________ determines if your method appears appropriate to measure what you want it to measure at first glance.
a.) face validity
b.) content validity
c.) predictive validity
d.) construct validity
a.) face validity
59
____________ determines if your data correlates with other measures.
a.) face validity
b.) content validity
c.) predictive validity
d.) construct validity
d.) construct validity
60
___________ examines the appropriateness of the methodological choices made by the researcher.
a.) reliability
b.) rigour
c.) credibility
d.) authenticity
b.) rigour
61
____________ is where groups are randomly selected, rather than individuals.
a.) random sampling
b.) cluster sampling
c.) systematic sampling
b.) cluster sampling
62
___________ involves selecting ever Kth case - for example, taking every 4th name from a list.
a.) random sampling
b.) cluster sampling
c.) systematic sampling
c.) systematic sampling
63
True or False: triangulation is the use of multiple means of data collection to explore a single phenomenon.
True.
64
You are doing a study to determine if individuals who drink alcohol are more likely to die at an earlier age than individuals who do not consume alcohol. You conclude that alcohol intake is a major risk factor for early death. What possible challenges to validity of this conclusion can you envision?
a.) individuals who drink alcohol are known to be more likely to smoke, which may lead to an early death.
b.) individuals who do not consume alcohol may eat a healthier diet and have a lower weight, which could lead to a longer life.
c.) individuals who consume alcohol may be more prone to depression or anxiety, which may lead to stress-related illnes.s
a.) individuals who drink alcohol are known to be more likely to smoke, which may lead to an early death.
65
You have developed an interest in what makes teams successful competitors. You decide to compare basketball teams that have made it far into the NCAA tournament even without highly recruited talent. You hypothesize that the reason they are successful is their willingness to work as a team. You recruit the coaches and former team members of 16 teams that you categorized as top contenders. Which experimental approach is best to develop this project?
a.) take a simply inventory of attitudes, motivations and relationships between players and align these with the view of the coaches.
b.) do an initial unstructured interview with players and coaches of both types of teams and quantify their feelings towards each other
c.) utilize a sociometric technique that allows quantifying relationships between players and between players and coaches
d.) use a projective technique that asks the subjects to complete sentences such as "my confidence level..."
c.) utilize a sociometric technique that allows quantifying relationships between players and between players and coaches
66
You are hired by the county commission to seek out information from residents on what issues are most important to address in the coming year. Which of the following techniques is the best for acquiring the information that is the most quantifiable and accessible for the commission?
a.) rank order scale where residents order from 1-10 the issues that are most important to them, including a blank free-answer section for issues that are not listed
b.) perform an unstructured interview with groups of residents to find out what issues trouble them
c.) use a projective technique to find out what issues trouble the residents: complete the information with statements such as "the utility company is..."
d.) ask residents what issues they would like the commission to address in the coming year through an unstructured survey
a.) rank order scale where residents order from 1-10 the issues that are most important to them, including a blank free-answer section for issues that are not listed
67
Which of the following is correct regarding the Borg scale?
a.) it is a mechanism of providing an output as a number, based on verbal cues of the patient's sensation
b.) it can be used for evaluating the sensation of shortness of breath or effort in patients during exercise
c.) it is a valid method of predicting physiologic effort during differing modes of exercise
d.) all of the above
d.) all of the above
68
What is the danger of NOT reporting negative results in the scientific community?
a.) it may result in unnecessary duplication of research and cost if the negative data is not available to the public
b.) it may hide details of the experiment that may result in a different set of conclusions
c.) you may be excluding important information from the literature that could lead to a new discovery
d.) negative results may launch a whole new direction in the research area
e.) all of the above
e.) all of the above
69
______________ describes a particular phenomenon, focusing on what has happened or how much has happened (not the "why").
a.) descriptive research
b.) explanatory research
c.) theoretical research
d.) empirical research
e.) exploratory research
a.) descriptive research
70
______________ supports development of new ideas through data collection.
a.) descriptive research
b.) explanatory research
c.) theoretical research
d.) empirical research
e.) exploratory research
d.) empirical research
71
____________ is involved in explaining why something happens, assessing causal relations between variables.
a.) descriptive research
b.) explanatory research
c.) theoretical research
d.) empirical research
e.) exploratory research
b.) explanatory research
72
____________ typically uses findings from existing works to develop new insights, theories and explanations.
a.) descriptive research
b.) explanatory research
c.) theoretical research
d.) empirical research
e.) exploratory research
c.) theoretical research
73
____________ attempts to gain familiarity with relevant concepts, seeking patterns and ideas from data without preconceived ideas or explanations.
a.) descriptive research
b.) explanatory research
c.) theoretical research
d.) empirical research
e.) exploratory research
e.) exploratory research
74
Which is NOT a trait of positivist research?
a.) hypothesis-driven
b.) based in objectivity
c.) based on observable and measurable facts
d.) phenomenon is studied from the "inside"
e.) based on replication
d.) phenomenon is studied from the "inside"
75
True or False: within the research process, it is important to disseminate the findings before drawing conclusions, because the public's feedback and perspective on the data are necessary for appropriate interpretation.
False
76
Which is NOT ideal organization of a literature review?
a.) move from broad to specific information
b.) ordered by idea
c.) organize similar methods together
d.) set studies with the same conclusion with each other
e.) provide research aim, methods and key findings for all studies cited
e.) provide research aim, methods and key findings for all studies cited
77
Which is NOT a form of reliability in quantitative research?
a.) inter-observer
b.) test-retest
c.) construct
d.) internal consistency
e.) all of these are forms of reliability
c.) construct
78
Which is NOT one of the five components of authenticity in qualitative research approaches?
a.) ontological
b.) educative
c.) fairness
d.) tactical
e.) righteousness
e.) righteousness
79
A researcher is looking to interview the owners of soccer clubs. Which type of research design would be most appropriate?
a.) opportunistic sampling
b.) key informant technique
c.) extreme case sampling
d.) typical case sampling
e.) convenience sampling
b.) key informant technique
80
Which type of research could primate researchers such as Gooddall and Fossey be best described to have conducted?
a.) survey
b.) correlational
c.) causal-comparative
d.) observational
d.) observational
81
What type of data collection can the Rorschach Inkblot Test be considered?
a.) inventory
b.) survey
c.) projective
d.) Likert scale
e.) sociometric
c.) projective
82
You are studying a group of patients diagnosed with a fairly rare but new disease with variable symptoms. Assuming you can access the subjects, if you choose one- which sort of data collection method would be best to learn more?
a.) survey
b.) interview
c.) observational
d.) action
e.) rating scale
b.) interview
83
In conducting experiential ethnography, the researcher goes through stages to engage within the group of interest. Once becoming a member, which step is vital for learning about group behaviors prior to true acceptance?
a.) recruitment
b.) socialization
c.) anticipatory socialization
d.) infiltration
b.) socialization
84
You are working in a research lab and collecting images with a microscope. As you are getting ready to publish some images, you are advised to modify them to enhance the contrasting quality. Which actions should you consider to avoid academic misconduct? (select any that apply).
a.) publish without peer review to avoid scrutiny
b.) save originals
c.) state any nonlinear adjustments in the figure caption
d.) describe the software used to manipulate the images
e.) if you used special hardware to make the adjustments, verbalize
b.) save originals
c.) state any nonlinear adjustments in the figure caption
d.) describe the software used to manipulate the images
e.) if you used special hardware to make the adjustments, verbalize
85
Which measure of central tendency would be best to figure out which size shoes people buy the most often?
a.) mean
b.) median
c.) mode
d.) skewness
e.) kurtosis
c.) mode
86
Select the correct statement:
a.) the best value for estimating central tendency of a population is always the mean.
b.) skewness is a term that describes how off-center or lopsided the shape of a distribution is.
c.) kurtosis is a term that describes the spread or dispersion of a normal distribution.
d.) a value of 4+ is required for the kurtosis measurement to indicate an unbalanced distribution.
e.) the best estimate of the central tendency is usually the median.
b.) skewness is a term that describes how off-center or lopsided the shape of a distribution is.
87
___________ is an estimate of how certain we are of a mean.
a.) SEM or SE
b.) SD
c.) 95% CI
a.) SEM or SE
88
_____________ is a calculation of the average deviation of individual points from the mean.
a.) SEM or SE
b.) SD
c.) 95% CI
d.) +/- 1.96 * SEM
b.) SD
89
____________ is an estimate of the range over which the largest majority of the population would lie.
a.) SEM or SE
b.) SD
c.) 95% CI
d.) +/- 1.96 * SEM
c.) 95% CI
90
__________ is the calculation of the 95% CI.
a.) SEM or SE
b.) SD
c.) +/- 1.96 * SEM
c.) +/- 1.96 * SEM
91
You have been given data by your new boss to analyze using descriptive statistics analysis. You find that the data set has a skewness factor of -2.2. Which of the following statements would be TRUE regarding this finding?
a.) this data set exhibits a distorted shape, such that it has an abnormally high peak and an abnormally low values at the outside ranges of the distribution.
b.) you would want to use the "median" as an estimate of central tendency.
c.) you would want to use the mean as an estimate of central tendency.
d.) the SD would accurately reflect the distribution around the central tendency.
b.) you would want to use the "median" as an estimate of central tendency.
92
Which of the following the underlying principle of ANOVA?
a.) that one can determine the probability on an unusual population within a larger population by understanding the sources of variance within the population
b.) that one can estimate the probability of a rare event or population by the value of an F statistic.
c.) that the total variance of a large population is the sum of 1.) the variance of the population of means of the individual populations and 2.) the sum of the variances of all individual populations from their individual means.
d.) all of the above
d.) all of the above
93
An ANOVA table shows how the sums of squares are distributed per the source variation. A Mean Square in an ANOVA table can be defined as...
a.) the specific variance being measured divided by the sample size
b.) the specific variance being measured divided by the degrees of freedom for that population
c.) another term for the F ratio used to calculate significance
b.) the specific variance being measured divided by the degrees of freedom for that population
94
True or False: These assumptions are necessary before you can use a standard ANOVA:
1.) all groups have the sample size
2.) all groups have homogeneous variances
3.) samples are selected randomly and not paired
False
95
True or False: compared to two sample tests, the ANOVA is highly sensitive to distributions that are NOT normally distributed. Therefore, you often must use the non-parametric equivalent test (Kruskal-Wallis).
False
96
____________ tests between-groups for two or more independent variables.
a.) one-way ANOVA
b.) multi-way ANOVA
c.) crossed effects
d.) multiple regression analysis
b.) multi-way ANOVA
97
____________ are interactions or shared variances between two or more independent variables in a multi-way ANOVA.
a.) one-way ANOVA
b.) multi-way ANOVA
c.) crossed effects
d.) multiple regression analysis
c.) crossed effects
98
__________ tests between-groups for a single independent variable.
a.) one-way ANOVA
b.) multi-way ANOVA
c.) crossed effects
d.) multiple regression analysis
a.) one-way ANOVA
99
_____________ is two or more independent continuous variables vs. one dependent continuous variable.
a.) one-way ANOVA
b.) multi-way ANOVA
c.) crossed effects
d.) multiple regression analysis
d.) multiple regression analysis
100
Which of the following does a Tukey's post-hoc test measure?
a.) all possible comparisons among pairs of group averages
b.) only adjacent groups in an ANOVA
c.) differences from a control population
d.) differences in paired samples
a.) all possible comparisons among pairs of group averages
101
True or False: it is perfectly legitimate to perform post-hoc analyses to determine significance between groups if the ANOVA does not reach the critical alpha for significance (p < 0.05)
False
102
Another common tests used by most everyone implementing an ANOVA is "Dunnett's Test." Choose the correct explanation for why one would use Dunnett's test over Tukey's test.
a.) it measures more comparisons than Tukey
b.) it limits the comparisons to a single control, so that each other group is compared to control
c.) both tests are the exact same, so one defers to the original statistician after from the test was named
d.) Tukey's does not take into account the scatter of all the groups
b.) it limits the comparisons to a single control, so that each other group is compared to control
103
___________ is used for nominal data on the dependent variable when a cell has <10 data points.
a.) Fischers Exact Test
b.) Chi Square Test
c.) Binomial Test
d.) Wilcoxon Test for Paired Measurements
E.) Modified Student's T-Test
a.) Fischers Exact Test
104
_____________ is used when you are determining the probability of a frequency of an event when the general population frequency is a known value.
a.) Fischers Exact Test
b.) Chi Square Test
c.) Binomial Test
d.) Wilcoxon Test for Paired Measurements
E.) Modified Student's T-Test
c.) Binomial Test
105
___________ is used when the populations of differences for paired data are non-parametric.
a.) Fischers Exact Test
b.) Chi Square Test
c.) Binomial Test
d.) Wilcoxon Test for Paired Measurements
E.) Modified Student's T-Test
d.) Wilcoxon Test for Paired Measurements
106
_________ is used when two independent populations are parametric, but their variances differ.
a.) Fischers Exact Test
b.) Chi Square Test
c.) Binomial Test
d.) Wilcoxon Test for Paired Measurements
E.) Modified Student's T-Test
E.) Modified Student's T-Test
107
__________ is used for nominal data analysis when the n in each cell is >10.
a.) Fischers Exact Test
b.) Chi Square Test
c.) Binomial Test
d.) Wilcoxon Test for Paired Measurements
E.) Modified Student's T-Test
b.) Chi Square Test
108
True or False: you can easily test whether or correlation or regression is a statistically significant relationship just by the correlation coefficient, the sample size and the appropriate table.
True
109
___________ is numerically the same as the SEE and similar to a Standard Deviation around the regression line.
a.) RMSE
b.) Adjusted r^2
c.) +/- 1.96 RMSE
a.) RMSE
110
___________ is a way of estimating the degree of correlation, while taking into consideration multiple X variables.
a.) RMSE
b.) Adjusted r^2
c.) +/- 1.96 RMSE
b.) Adjusted r^2
111
True or False: homoscedasticity refers to how "normal" a distribution is around both the x and y axis of a regression line.
True
112
True or False: if you can demonstrate that a linear regression relationship is statistically significant, then you can be certain that the independent variable causes the dependent variable to change.
False
113
True or False: 0.1-0.2 is a generally accepted value for beta.
True
114
What is it called when you reject the null hypothesis, when it's actually true?
a.) Type I error
b.) Type II error
c.) power
d.) chance
a.) Type I error
115
True or False: a nested variable must be nominal and must be considered a "random" variable.
True
116
True or False: a nested variable in ANOVA is a random variable that is a subcategory of another variable. It is usually of little importance, except to account for sources of variance in the measurement.
True
117
______________ is a calculation that allows you to determine an ideal setting to maximize sensitivity and specificity combined.
a.) Youden's Index
b.) Gold Standard
c.) Null hypothesis
a.) Youden's Index
118
________ is used to determine the sensitivity of an assay.
a.) Youden's Index
b.) Specificity
c.) Gold Standard
d.) Null hypothesis
c.) Gold Standard
119
Which three assumptions are necessary to perform a standard 2-sample Student's T-Test?
a.) both sample populations must have the same "n" (sample size)
b.) the populations must be independent samples
c.) the populations must share similar sized variances
d.) both populations must be distributed
e.) one of the sample populations can have properties of either kurtosis or skewness, but not both
b.) the populations must be independent samples
c.) the populations must share similar sized variances
d.) both populations must be distributed
120
When you run a statistical test and get a p-value of 0.06, you can conclude that your comparison is statistically significant because it is greater than 0.05.
False
121
True or False: when comparing 2-sample populations, 99% of the time you want to use a one-tailed test.
False
122
True or False: the major assumption of the paired T-Test is that both populations studied must be normally distributed.
False
123
True or False: you can only perform a Fischer's Exact Test on two groups with two outcome variables.
False
124
Select the correct description regarding the nature of the Standard Error of the Mean (SEM).
a.) The SEM becomes small with a larger sample size
b.) The SEM (or SE) describes the certainty of the absolute value of the expressed mean
c.) The SEM should not be used to describe populations of nonparametric data
d.) The SEM is NOT very useful in expressing the expected variance of the population
e.) The only time the SEM is appropriate to use in expressing data is when the important point has to do with differences in comparative responses of 2+ populations.
f.) all of the above
f.) all of the above
125
True or False: to express populations of nonparametric data, two of the most accepted ways include 1.) expressing the median for central tendency and the 25-75% quartiles for the variance; 2.) utilizing a scatter plot of the raw data for variance and median for the central tendency.
True
126
When comparing two independent, normal populations with equal variance, it is best to use...
a.) modified two sample T Test for unequal distributions
b.) paired T Test
c.) two sample students T Test
d.) Wilcoxin signed rank tests for paired samples
e.) Wilcoxin signed rank test for independent samples
c.) two sample students T Test
127
When comparing two independent, normal populations with unequal variance, it is best to use...
a.) modified two sample T Test for unequal distributions
b.) paired T Test
c.) two sample students T Test
d.) Wilcoxin signed rank tests for paired samples
e.) Wilcoxin signed rank test for independent samples
a.) modified two sample T Test for unequal distributions
128
When comparing two independent samples, one parametric vs. one nonparametric distribution, it is best to use...
a.) modified two sample T Test for unequal distributions
b.) paired T Test
c.) two sample students T Test
d.) Wilcoxin signed rank tests for paired samples
e.) Wilcoxin signed rank test for independent samples
e.) Wilcoxin signed rank test for independent samples
129
When comparing two paired samples with a normal distribution of differences, it is best to use...
a.) modified two sample T Test for unequal distributions
b.) paired T Test
c.) two sample students T Test
d.) Wilcoxin signed rank tests for paired samples
e.) Wilcoxin signed rank test for independent samples
b.) paired T Test
130
When comparing two paired samples with a nonparametric distribution of differences, it is best to use...
a.) modified two sample T Test for unequal distributions
b.) paired T Test
c.) two sample students T Test
d.) Wilcoxin signed rank tests for paired samples
e.) Wilcoxin signed rank test for independent samples
d.) Wilcoxin signed rank tests for paired samples
131
___________ is a test that uses interval or ratio data, and assume that the data is drawn from a normally distributed population.
a.) parametric test
b.) nonparametric test
a.) parametric test
132
___________ is a test that uses ordinal or nominal data, and does not make any assumptions about the characteristics of the sample distribution.
a.) parametric test
b.) nonparametric test
b.) nonparametric test
133
You are working for the city and are asked to provide a report on different forms of commuter transportation within the community. You find that 66% of commuters drove, 8% rode bikes, 6% walked, 12% rode the bus and 8% used other forms of transportation. What would be the best way to describe the central tendency and distribution of this population?
a.) the mode and individual percentage distributions
b.) median +/- 25-75% quartile
c.) mean +/- 95% confidence interval for each
a.) the mode and individual percentage distributions
134
True or False: if you run a two-way ANOVA and you check for crossed effects, you need to report the crossed effects in your final results.
False
135
_____________ is an independent variable that can alter the outcome of the data analysis in a way that does not lead to a correct conclusion.
a.) confounder
b.) covariate
c.) regression to the mean effect
a.) confounder
136
___________ is the natural tendency for populations to approach the mean value with repeated sampling.
a.) confounder
b.) covariate
c.) regression to the mean effect
c.) regression to the mean effect
137
_______ is an independent variable that can be ordinal or continuous that accounts for one of the variance in a statistical model.
a.) confounder
b.) covariate
c.) regression to the mean effect
b.) covariate
138
_________ is when a similar subject is recruited or studied at the same time in such a way as to pair the treatment and control subjects.
a.) positive control
b.) matched control
c.) sham control
d.) time control
b.) matched control
139
__________ is performing experiments in the control group in which every condition except the actual treatment is the same as the treated group.
a.) positive control
b.) matched control
c.) sham control
d.) time control
c.) sham control
140
____________ is a control group done without treatment, performed in the same sequence as the experimental group.
a.) positive control
b.) matched control
c.) sham control
d.) time control
d.) time control
141
_________ is when a test is given to ensure your method of evaluation can detect the signal you wish to study.
a.) positive control
b.) matched control
c.) sham control
d.) time control
a.) positive control
142
Which of the following statements are FALSE regarding the Institutional Review Board (IRB) if any?
a.) The IRB can comprise scientists, physicians and even general community members
b.) THE IRB is an appropriately constituted group that has been formally designed to review and monitor biomedical research involving human subjects.
c.) Per rules associated with the IRB, an informed consent from the participant is required in writing.
d.) Most surveys also need to go through the IRB for approval prior to administration to human subjects
e.) all statements are true
e.) all statements are true
143
Which of the following statements are true regarding a "crossover repeated measures" experimental design?
a.) It accounts for any effects of time, or repeated testing on the results.
b.) It is not always possible to use, because sometimes the treatments can have effects that extend beyond the treatment time
c.) It allows all subjects to serve as their own controls
d.) All of the above are correct.
e.) None of the above are correct.
d.) All of the above are correct.
144
True or False: statistical validity means a conclusion is drawn from a given data set after experimentation that appropriately relied on mathematical and statistical laws, following the scientific process.
True
145
Which should NOT be included in the results section of your laboratory notebook?
a.) the change in color of the bacterial growth following addition of reagent
b.) the number of bacterial colonies that grew following addition of reagent
c.) any odor that came about due to the protocol implementation
d.) how much reagent was added to the bacterial growth to see if it reacted positively or negatively
e.) all of these are appropriate results
d.) how much reagent was added to the bacterial growth to see if it reacted positively or negatively
146
____________ is probability of obtaining a result equal to or more extreme than was observed in the data.
a.) alpha (significance level)
b.) statistical power
c.) power analysis
d.) p-value
d.) p-value
147
___________ is a boundary for specifying a statistically significant finding when interpreting the p-value.
a.) alpha (significance level)
b.) statistical power
c.) power analysis
d.) p-value
a.) alpha (significance level)
148
_________ can be used to estimate the minimum sample size required for an experiment, given a desired significance level, effect size and statistical power.
a.) alpha (significance level)
b.) statistical power
c.) power analysis
d.) p-value
c.) power analysis
149
__________ is the probability that the test correctly rejects the null hypothesis; probability of a true positive result.
a.) alpha (significance level)
b.) statistical power
c.) power analysis
d.) p-value
b.) statistical power
150
What is the least desirable way of handling outliers?
a.) do not remove any outliers
b.) try to transform your axis to bring the outlier into a more normal distribution
c.) perform GRUBs or DIXON outlier test to statistically remove a data point and report it in your results or methods.
d.) remove an outlier for biological or experimental reasons that can be justified
c.) perform GRUBs or DIXON outlier test to statistically remove a data point and report it in your results or methods.
