MIDTERM Flashcards
(191 cards)
1
Q
-This is a condition wherein the fatty tissues of the body are transformed to soft brownish-white substance
A
SAPONIFICATION OR ADIPOCERE FORMATION
2
Q
soft brownish-white substance known as
A
adipocere
3
Q
The layer of subcutaneous tissue is the frequent site of its formation.
A
SAPONIFICATION OR ADIPOCERE FORMATION
4
Q
is a soapy or waxy material, rancid in smell, dissolves in alcohol and ether when burned produces yellow flame.
A
ADIPOCERE
5
Q
known as corpse wax or grave wax or mortuary wax
A
ADIPOCERE
6
Q
-The principles involved in artificial mummification are:
(a) Acceleration of the evaporation of the tissue fluid of the body before the actual onset of decomposition.
(b) Addition of some body preservatives to inhibit decomposition and to allow evaporation of fluid. This is made by treatment of the body with arsenic, formalin, resinous or tarry materials.
A
ARTIFICIAL MUMMIFICATION
7
Q
When a person is buried in hot, arid, sandy soil, there will be insufficient moisture for the growth and multiplication of putrefactive bacteria. The body will become dehydrated and mummified which is caused by the forces of nature.
A
NATURAL MUMMIFICATION
8
Q
KINDS OF MUMMIFICATION
A
(1) NATURAL MUMMIFICATION
(2) ARTIFICIAL MUMMIFICATION
9
Q
-is the complete dehydration of all body tissue which results in the shivering and preservation of the body. A cadaver left in an extremely dry, hot area will mummify in about a year and will remain in this condition for several years if undisturbed by animal or insect
-is observed in warm countries where evaporation of body fluid takes place earlier and faster than decomposition. Death in deserts, like in Egypt, the body has more tendency to mummify.
A
MUMMIFICATION
10
Q
-is the breaking down of the complex proteins into simpler components associated with the evolution of foul smelling gasses and accompanied by the change of color of the body.
A
PUTREFACTION
11
Q
SPECIAL MODIFICATION OF PUTREFACTION
A
A. MUMMIFICATION
B. SAPONIFICATION OR ADIPOCERE FORMATION
12
Q
-This appears during the later stage of its formation when the blood has coagulated inside the blood vessels or has diffused into the tissues of the body
A
DIFFUSION LIVIDITY
13
Q
-Any change of position will not change the location of the lividity.
A
DIFFUSION LIVIDITY
14
Q
-The blood merely gravitates into the most dependent portions of the body but still inside the blood vessels and still fluid in form.
A
HYPOSTATIC LIVIDITY
15
Q
-Any change of position of the body leads to the formation of the lividity in another place.
-This occurs during the early stage of its formation.
A
HYPOSTATIC LIVIDITY
16
Q
TYPES OF POST MORTEM LIVIDITY
A
- HYPOSTATIC LIVIDITY
- DIFFUSION LIVIDITY
17
Q
The investigator can press on the skin in the dependent regions and if the skin blanches, death has probably occurred less than
A
12 HOURS
18
Q
Post Mortem Lividity is also known as
A
CADAVERIC LIVIDITY
POST-MORTEM SUGGILLATION
POST-MORTEM HYPOSTASIS OR
LIVOR MORTIS
18
Q
It is a purplish discoloration of the body that occurs on those parts of the body which are nearest the floor.
A
POST-MORTEM LIVIDITY
19
Q
This discoloration is caused by the settling of the blood by gravity into those areas. During life the blood is under pressure and circulating. After death, the pressure falls to zero and the blood begins to settle by gravity so that no matter what the position the body may be in those positions of the body which are lowest will be the areas the blood will settle. Under most conditions this discoloration will begin to be apparent from one to two hours after death.(Montojo,n.d.)
A
POST-MORTEM LIVIDITY
20
Q
-A muscular change characterized by the softness and flaccidity of the muscles in which no longer responses to electrical or mechanical stimuli due to dissolution of the muscle protein that have been previously coagulated during the stage of rigor mortis.
A
STAGE OF SECONDARY FLACCIDITY OR SECONDARY RELAXATION
21
Q
-This stage is onset of putrefaction
A
STAGE OF SECONDARY FLACCIDITY OR SECONDARY RELAXATION
22
Q
THE ENTIRE MUSCULAR TISSUE PASSES THREE STAGES AFTER DEATH
A
A. STAGE OF PRIMARY FLACCIDITY
B. STAGE OF POST-MORTEM RIGIDITY
C. STAGE OF SECONDARY FLACCIDITY OR SECONDARY RELAXATION
23
Q
-It is the instant stiffening of a certain group of muscles which occurs immediately at the moment of death, although its cause is unknown, it is associated with violent death due to extreme nervous tension and injury to the central nervous system
A
CADAVERIC SPASM OR INSTANTANEOUS RIGOR
24
-The stiffening of the body may be manifested when the body is frozen, but exposure to warm condition will make such stiffening disappear. The cold stiffening is due to the solidification of fat when the body is exposed to freezing temperature.
COLD STIFFENING
25
-A condition characterized by hardening of the muscles due to coagulation of muscle proteins when the dead body is exposed to intense heat as by burning or immersion in a hot liquid
26
- is commonly observed when the body of a person is placed in boiling fluid or when the body is burned to death.
HEAT STIFFENING
27
CONDITIONS SIMULATING RIGOR MORTIS
1. HEAT STIFFENING
2. COLD STIFFENING
3. CADAVERIC SPASM OR INSTANTANEOUS RIGOR
28
Post-mortem rigidity is also known as
“Rigor Mortis”
29
-It is the stiffening of the muscle of the body after death due to chemical changes within the muscle tissue itself. It develops first in the face and jaws (smaller muscles). The rigidity gradually extends downward involving the neck, chest, arms, abdomen and finally the legs and feet. It begins to leave the body and it disappears in the same order that it made its onset, First, the face and neck will again become flaccid and then the other portions of the body will become limp in the same order that the rigidity developed.
STAGE OF POST-MORTEM RIGIDITY
29
In warm countries, this stage sets in from 2-3 hours after death. It is fully developed in the body after 12 hrs. It may last from 18 – 36 hours and its disappearance is concomitant with the onset of putrefaction.
STAGE OF POST-MORTEM RIGIDITY
30
-It is the stage of muscular change upon death characterized the relaxation of muscles and loss of their natural tone, so the jaw or head drops down, the thorax collapses and the limbs becomes flaccid and the splinters relax.
STAGE OF PRIMARY FLACCIDITY (post-mortem muscular irritability)
31
-This is the reason why the dead person may still urinate, defecate or excrete waste product of metabolism through pores on the skin. When muscles are subjected to mechanical or electrical stimuli, the muscles will contract owing to the presence of life of the individual cells. This stage lasts for 3-4 hours after death.
STAGE OF PRIMARY FLACCIDITY (post-mortem muscular irritability)
32
-After death, there is complete relaxation of the whole muscular system. The entire muscular system is contractile for three to six hours after death, and later rigidity sets in. Secondary relaxation of the muscles will appear just when decomposition has set in.
CHANGES IN THE MUSCLE
33
The normal body temperature in a living person is ______ but upon death, the temperature gradually decreases. The fall of temperature of ______ is considered as a certain sign of death (Lagonera, 2010).
37°C or 98.3°F
15 to 20°F
34
-The progressive fall of the body temperature is one of the most prominent signs of death. After death, the metabolic process inside the body ceases. Heat production in the body stops and its temperature is lowered gradually to that of the surroundings. The rate of cooling of the body is not uniform. It is rapid during the first two hours after death and as the temperature of the body gradually approaches the temperature of the surroundings, the rate becomes slower.
ALGOR MORTIS OR COOLING OF THE BODY
35
-There is no movement of the image formed by reflecting artificial or sun light on the water or mercury contained in a saucer and placed on the chest or abdomen if respiration is not taking place. The reflection is utilized to magnify the / movement of the surface of mercury or water.
WINSLOW'S TEST
36
-Place a glass half full of water at the region of the chest. If the surface of the water is smooth and stable, there is no respiration taking place, but if it waves or water movement is observed, then respiration is taking place.
EXAMINATION WITH A GLASS OF WATER
37
-Place a fine feather or a strip of cotton in front of the lips and nostrils. If there is movement of the feather or cotton not due to external air, respiration is present. However, this is not a reliable test as the slightest movement of outside air or nervousness of the observer will move the feather or cotton fibers.
EXAMINATION WITH A FEATHER OR COTTON FIBER
38
-The surface of a cold-looking glass is held in front of the mouth and nostrils. If there is dimming of the mirror after a time, there is still respiration. The dimming of the cold mirror is due to the condensation of the warm moist air exhaled from the lungs if respiration is still going on. Ordinarily there is no dimming of the mirror when the subject is dead.
MIRROR TEST
39
However, it must not be forgotten that the dimming of the mirror may be due to the expulsion of the air from the lungs due to the contraction of the diaphragm in rigor mortis.
MIRROR TEST
40
this is not a reliable test as the slightest movement of outside air or nervousness of the observer
EXAMINATION WITH A FEATHER OR COTTON FIBER
41
METHODS OF DETECTING CESSATION OF RESPIRATION
a. Expose the chest and abdomen and observe the movement during inspiration and expiration.
b. Examine the person with the aid of a stethoscope which is placed at the base of the anterior aspect of the neck and hear sound of the current of air passing through the trachea during each phase of respiration.
C. MIRROR TEST
D. EXAMINATION WITH A FEATHER OR COTTON FIBER
E. EXAMINATION WITH A GLASS OF WATER
F. WINSLOW'S TEST
42
-Like heart action, cessation of respiration in order to be considered as a sign of death must be continuous and persistent.
STOPPAGE OF RESPIRATION
43
- A person can hold his breath for a period not longer than 3-1/2 minutes. In case of electrical shock, respiration may cease for sometimes but may be restored by continuous artificial respiration.
STOPPAGE OF RESPIRATION
44
A person can hold his breath for a period not longer than
3-1/2 minutes
45
* Living: will feel the rhythmic pulsation of the vessel due to the flow of blood.
* Dead: No such pulsation will be observed
PALPATION OF THE RADIAL PULSE WITH FINGERS
45
* If heated material is applied on the skin in the living person, there will be blister formation, congestion, and other vital reactions of the injured area will be observed.
* Dead: will not produce true blister, no sign of congestion, or other vital reactions.
APPLICATION OF HEAT ON THE SKIN
46
* The fingers are spread wide and the finger webs are viewed through a strong light.
* Living: the finger webs appear red
* Dead: yellow
DIAPHANOUS TEST
47
* lf pressure is applied on the fingernails of a living person intermittently, there will be a zone of paleness at the site of the application of pressure which become livid on release.
* There will be no such change of color if the test is applied to a dead man.
PRESSURE ON THE FINGERNAILS
48
* This consists of the injection of a solution of fluorescein subcutaneously.
* If circulation is still present, the dye will spread all over the body and the whole skin will have a gleenish-yellow discoloration due to flourescein.
ICARD'S TEST
49
This test should be applied only with the use of the daylight as the color is difficult to be appreciated with the use of artificial light.
ICARD'S TEST
50
* Living: the blood escapes in jerk and at a distance
* Dead: the blood vessel is white and there is no jerking escape of blood but may only ooze towards the nearby skin.
OPENING OF SMALL ARTERY
51
* A ligature is applied around the base of a finger with moderate tightness
MAGNUS’ TEST
52
* In a living person there appears a bloodless zone at the site of the application of the ligature and a livid area distal to the ligature.
* If the ligature is applied to the finger of a dead man, there is no such change in color.
MAGNUS’ TEST
53
EXAMINATION OF THE PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION
1. MAGNUS’ TEST
2. OPENING OF SMALL ARTERY
3. ICARD'S TEST
4. PRESSURE ON THE FINGERNAILS
5. DIAPHANOUS TEST
6. APPLICATION OF HEAT ON THE SKIN
7. PALPATION OF THE RADIAL PULSE WITH FINGERS
54
EXAMINATION OF THE HEART
1. PALPATION OF THE PULSE
2. AUSCULTATION FOR THE HEART SOUND AT THE PRECORDIAL AREA
3. FLUOROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
4. BY THE USE OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH (ECG)
55
- The heartbeat is accompanied by the passage of electrical charge through the impulse conducting system of the heart which may be recorded in an electrocardiograph machine.
BY THE USE OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH (ECG)
56
will record the heart beat even if it is too weak to be heard by auscultation.
BY THE USE OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH (ECG)
57
-This is the best method of determining heart action but quite impractical.
BY THE USE OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH (ECG)
58
- The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart is audible through the stethoscope.
-Heart sound can be audible during life even without the aid of a stethoscope by placing the ear at the precordial area.
AUSCULTATION FOR THE HEART SOUND AT THE PRECORDIAL AREA
59
- Pulsation of the peripheral blood vessels may be made at the region of the wrist or at the neck.
-The pulsation of the vessels is synchronous with the heartbeat. Occasionally the pulsation is very imperceptible and irregular that the examiner experiences much difficulty.
PALPATION OF THE PULSE
60
METHODS OF DETECTING THE CESSATION OF HEART ACTION AND CIRCULATION
A. EXAMINATION OF THE HEART
B. EXAMINATION OF THE PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION
61
-It may arise especially hysteria, uremia, catalepsy, and electric shock.
APPARENT DEATH OR STATE OF SUSPENDED ANIMATION
62
-There are records of cases wherein a person was pronounced dead, placed in a coffin, and later angrily rise from it and walk unaided.
-The relative has sent death notice and placed wreaths near his coffin (Daily Mail England, 1948).
APPARENT DEATH OR STATE OF SUSPENDED ANIMATION
63
-It is important to determine the condition of suspended animation to prevent premature burial.
APPARENT DEATH OR STATE OF SUSPENDED ANIMATION
64
-This condition is not really death but merely a transient loss of the vital functions of the body on account of disease, external stimulus, or other forms of influence.
APPARENT DEATH OR STATE OF SUSPENDED ANIMATION
65
3 KINDS OF DEATH
1. SOMATIC DEATH OR CLINICAL DEATH
2. MOLECULAR OR CELLULAR DEATH
3. APPARENT DEATH OR STATE OF SUSPENDED ANIMATION
65
- After cessation of the vital functions of the body there is still animal life among individual cells.
-After somatic death occurs there is death of all individual cells like nerve and brain cells within the body.
MOLECULAR OR CELLULAR DEATH
66
- Its exact occurrence cannot be definitely ascertained because its time of appearance is influenced by several factors like previous state of health, infection, climatic condition, cellular nutrition, etc.
MOLECULAR OR CELLULAR DEATH
66
Type of death when all vital organs cease to function
PHYSIOLOGIC DEATH
67
- Type of death characterized by the absence of cognitive function or awareness, although artificial support system may maintain organs functioning.
BIOLOGIC DEATH
68
SOMATIC OR CLINICAL TYPES OF DEATH
I. SOCIOLOGICAL DEATH
II. PSYCHIC DEATH
III. BIOLOGIC DEATH
IV. PHYSIOLOGIC DEATH
68
- Condition of death wherein the patient regresses, gives up or surrenders accepting death prematurely and refuses to continue living.
PSYCHIC DEATH
68
- Type of death wherein withdrawal and separation from the patient by others producing a sense of isolation and abandonment, unvisited and let alone to die.
SOCIOLOGICAL DEATH
68
- This is the state of the body in which there is complete, persistent and continuous cessation of the vital functions of the brain, heart and lungs which maintain life and health.
SOMATIC DEATH OR CLINICAL DEATH
68
-It occurs the moment a physician or the other members of the family declare a person has expired (patay na), and some of the early signs of death are present. It is hardly possible to determine the exact time of death.
SOMATIC DEATH OR CLINICAL DEATH
68
-event in a life of a person which is inevitable
DEATH
69
It is the termination of life
DEATH
70
It is the complete cessation of all the vital functions without possibility of resuscitation
DEATH
71
BLOOD TYPE
A (+,-), B (+,-), O (+,-), AB (+,-)
72
It is an irreversible loss of the properties of living matter.
DEATH
73
universal blood
O
74
recipient blood
AB
75
determine if the blood originated in human origin
PRECIPITIN TEST
76
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE STAIN AND THE STAINED MATERIAL
* Age of the stain
* Color of the stain
* The manner, degree and condition of the article which have been stained
77
In Medico-legal cases, the blood and the blood-stained materials will be object of examination in the crime laboratory and the pointers to consider are the following:
A. DETERMINE WHETHER THE STAIN IS BLOOD OR NOT
B. IF BLOOD, DETERMINATION WHETHER HUMAN BLOOD OR NOT
C. IF HUMAN BLOOD, DETERMINATION OF THE BLOOD GROUP OR BLOOD TYPE DOES IT BELONG
D. CHARACTERISTIC OF THE STAIN AND THE STAINED MATERIAL
78
MEDICO LEGAL IMPORTANCE IN THE STUDY OF BLOOD
1. CIRCUMSTANTIAL OR CORROBORATIVE EVIDENCE AGAINST OR IN FAVOR OF THE PERPETRATOR OF A CRIME
2. DETERMINATION OF THE CAUSE OF DEATH
3. DETERMINATION OF THE DIRECTION OF ESCAPE OF THE VICTIM OR THE ASSAILANT
4. DETERMINATION OF THE APPROXIMATE TIME THE CRIME WAS COMMITTED
5. DETERMINATION OF THE PLACE OF COMMISSION OF THE CRIME.
6. DETERMINATION OF THE PRESENCE OF CERTAIN DISEASES
78
ISCHIUM-PUBIS INDEX
WIDER, SMOOTHER AND LIGHTER- WOMAN
HEAVY, SMALLER- MAN
79
GENERAL RULE IN BONES
SMOOTHER AND LIGHTER- WOMAN
HEAVY, SMALLER- MAN
80
HOW MANY ADULT AND BABY BONES
206 BONES- ADULT
300 BONES- BABY
81
Scientific Methods Of Identification
A. FINGERPRINTING
B. DENTAL IDENTIFICATION
C. IDENTIFICATION OF SKELETON
D. IDENTIFICATION OF BLOOD AND BLOOD STAINS
82
In the examination of bones, the following points can be determined:
1. WHETHER THE REMAINS ARE OF HUMAN ORIGIN OR NOT
2. WHETHER THE REMAINS BELONG TO A SINGLE PERSON OR NOT
3. SEX
82
-The pelvis gives the best indication of sex particularly the
ischium – pubic index.
83
A complete lay-out of the bones on a table in their exact locations in the human body is necessary. Any plurality or excess of the bones after a complete lay-out denotes that the remains belong to more than one person. However, congenital deformities as super numerous fingers and toes must not be forgotten. The inequality in sizes, especially of the limbs may be ante-mortem.
WHETHER THE REMAINS BELONG TO A SINGLE PERSON OR NOT
84
is the application of dental science to legal investigations, primarily involving the identification of the offender by comparing dental records to a bite mark left on the victim or at the scene, or identification of human remains based on dental records.
Forensic odontology
85
The shape, size and general nature of the remains, especially that of the head, must be studied. The oval or round shape of the skull and the less prominent lower jaw and nasal bone are suggestive of human remains.
WHETHER THE REMAINS ARE OF HUMAN ORIGIN OR NOT
86
adult has __ teeth and each tooth has five surfaces
32
86
is the hardest substance of the human body. It may outlast all other tissues during putrefaction or physical destruction.
enamel of the teeth
87
- type of glucose wherein it maintains the moisture of the skin
GLYCERIN
88
FICTION PATTERNS
1. LOOPS -65
2. WHORLS- 35
3. ARCHES- 5
88
Fingerprints are formed in the fetus in the
fourth month of pregnancy.
89
2 TYPES OF FINGERPRINT
1. There are no two identical fingerprints
2. Fingerprints are not changeable
89
-he is incharge in investigation medicolegal aspect of death, physical injury, rape and other sexual crime
MEDICOLEGAL OFFICERS
90
should be registered physician, a duly authorized to practice in PH
MEDICOLEGAL OFFICERS
91
head of Division of Investigation of medicolegal section during 1945
DR. GREGORIA LANTIN
92
DR. ENRIQUE DELOS SANTOS
head of National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) medicolegal section during 1947
93
- Father of Legal Medicine in PH
-famous author of Legal Medicine in PH/ current author of Legal Medicine
-local Father of Legal Medicine
DR. PEDRO SOLIS
94
Father of Forensic Medicine/Legal Medicine (internationally/globally)
PAULUS ZACCHIAS/ PAULO ZACCHIA
95
Father of Medicine
HIPPOCRATES
96
the curriculum of College of Medicine was included under the University of Sto. Thomas (UST)
1871
96
After the liberation of Manila, the criminal investigation laboratory division was created with Dr. Mariano Lara as Chief of Medicolegal officer
1945
96
After the liberation of Manila, the criminal investigation laboratory division was created with _____ as Chief of Medicolegal officer
Dr. Mariano Lara
96
The Department of Legal Medicine and Ethics of University of the Philippines was created under Dr. Sixto Delos Santos as the Chief Department
1919
97
legal medicine was taught in all Medicine school in the PH
1908
97
The Department of Legal Medicine and Ethics of University of the Philippines was created under _______ as the Chief Department
Dr. Sixto Delos Santos
98
medicolegal laboratory was established in City of Manila
1895
99
NAME OF THE FIRST MEDICAL TEXTBOOK IN THE PH
MANUAL DE MEDICINA DOMESTICA/ MEDICINA DOMESTICA
100
is a Spanish Chief that published and practiced this book
DR. RAFAEL GENARD Y. MAS
101
First medical textbook was written included the Medico Legal Practices
1858
102
- the testimony of a witness taken upon oral question or written interrogatories, not in open court, but in pursuance of a commission to take testimony issued by a court, or under a general law or court rule on the subject, and reduced to writing and duly authenticated, and intended to be used in preparation and upon the trial of a civil action or criminal prosecution (Black Law Dictionary 6th Edition).
Deposition
102
– this refers to the testimony of a physician on account of his training and expertise can give his own opinion on a set of medical facts.
Medical Expert Opinion
102
EXAMPLES OF MEDICAL DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE
1. Medical Certification or Report on:
2. Medical Expert Opinion
3. Deposition
103
Medical Certification or Report on:
i. Medical Examination Report
ii. Physical Examination Report
iii. Necropsy/ autopsy Report
iv. Laboratory Report
v. Exhumation Report
vi. Birth Certificate
vii. Death Certificate
104
-The term applies to writings, to words printed, lithographed or photographed; to seals, plates or stones on which inscriptions are cut or engraved; to photographs and pictures; to maps or plans (Black's Law Dictionary, 4th ed.).
Document
105
-is an instrument on which is recorded by means of letters, figures, or marks intended to be used for the purpose of recording that matter which may be evidentially used.
Document
106
-Written evidence presented to the court by the expert witness about the subject matter in dispute.
Example: diary, records
Documentary Evidence
107
-A medical witness may be allowed by the court to confirm his allegation or as a corroborated proof to an opinion he previously stated in full view of the court
Experimental Evidence
107
not necessary mean that the experimentation must be conducted in court, this means that the conduct of experiment should be with the presence of the Judge.
“In full view of the court”
108
-A physician on account of his training and experience can give his opinion on a set of medical facts.
Expert Witness
109
- It is a, "second hand" evidence which rest mainly on the veracity and competence of its source
Hearsay evidence
110
-He can deduce or infer something, determine the cause of death, or render opinion pertinent to the issue and medical nature.
Expert Witness
110
-A physician who testifies in court on matters perceived from his patient in the course of physician-patient relationship.
Ordinary Witness
111
is the exception to the hearsay rule
Dying Declaration
111
-are those not proceeding from the personal knowledge of the witness but from mere repetition of what he has heard to others
Hearsay evidence
112
-A physician may be commanded to appear before a court to give his testimony. While in the witness stand, he is obliged to answer questions propounded by counsel and presiding officer of the court. His testimony must be given orally and under oath or affirmation.
Testimonial Evidence
113
-is also known as Real, Object or Physical Evidence
Autoptic Evidence
114
-This is an evidence made known or addressed to the senses of the court. It is not limited to that which is known through the sense of vision but is extended to what the sense of hearing, taste, smell and touch is perceived.
Autoptic Evidence
114
TYPES OF MEDICAL EVIDENCE
1. Autoptic Evidence
2. Testimonial Evidence
3. Experimental Evidence
4. Documentary Evidence
115
-If the means employed to prove a fact is medical in nature, then it becomes a
medical evidence
116
-is the means, sanctioned by the Rules of Court, of ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a matter of fact (Sec. 1, Rule 128, Rules of Court).
Evidence
117
-A principle that, when the court has once laid down a principle of law or interpretation as applied to a certain state of facts, it will adhere to and apply to all future cases where the facts are substantially the same.
PRINCIPLE OF STARE DECISES
117
-The principle is one of policy, grounded on the theory that security and certainty require that accepted and established legal principles, under which right may accrue, be recognized and followed, though later found to be not legally sound, but whether previous holding of court shall be adhered to, modified or overruled is within the court's discretion under the circumstance of the case before it (Black's Law Dictionary, 4th ed.).Volantary is lebron james.
PRINCIPLE OF STARE DECISES
118
means to stand by things decided
STARE DECISES
119
-It is the knowledge of law in relation to the practice of medicine.
MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE
120
It concerns with the study of the rights, duties and obligations of medical practitioner with particular reference to those arising from doctor - patient relationship.
MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE
120
Jurisprudence came from the term ____ which means law and _____means knowledge
“jur/jus” which means law and
“prudencia” means knowledge
120
DISTINCTIVE BODIES OF LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
1. SENATE
2. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
121
-is a science of giving a wise interpretation of the law and making just application of them to all cases as they arise.
Jurisprudence
122
-Judicial decisions applying or interpreting the laws shall form a part of the Philippine jurisprudence.
Jurisprudence
123
– It pertains to law, arising out of, by virtue of or included in law.
Legal
124
-Refers to anything conformable to the letters or rules of law as it is administered by the court.
Legal
125
– It is a science and art dealing with prevention, cure, and alleviation of disease.
-It is that part of science and art of restoring and preserving health.
Medicine
126
-It is the science and art of diagnosing, treating, curing, and preventing disease, relieving pain, and improving the health of a person.
Medicine
127
It denotes anything belonging to the court of law or used in court or legal proceedings or something fitted for legal or public argumentations.
Forensic
128
CHARACTERISTICS OF LAW
1. A LAW OF HUMAN CONDUCT
2. PROMULGATED BY COMPETENT
AUTHORITY
3. IT IS OBLIGATORY
4. IT IS GENERAL OBSERVANCE
129
-latin term “Lex non Scripta”
Unwritten or Common Law
130
-It is composed of unwritten laws based on immemorial customs and usages.
Unwritten or Common Law
131
-Sometimes referred to as case law, common law, jurisprudence, or customary law.
Unwritten or Common Law
132
-It is composed of laws which are produced by the country’s legislations and which are defined, codified, and incorporated by the law-making body.
Written or Statutory Law
133
- latin term “Lex Scripta”
Written or Statutory Law
134
Forms of Law
a. Written or Statutory Law
b. Unwritten or Common Law
135
is a rule of conduct, just, obligatory, laid by legitimate power for common observance and benefit.
Law
136
- sees injury or disease on the point of view of cause.
MEDICAL JURIST
136
-The purpose of this in examining a patient is to include those bodily lesions in his report and testify before the court or before an investigative body.
MEDICAL JURIST
137
must record all bodily injuries even if they are small or minor because these injuries may be proofs to qualify the crime or to justify the act.
MEDICAL JURIST
137
- sees an injury or disease on the point of view of treatment.
ORDINARY PHYSICIAN
137
-The purpose of this in examining a patient is to arrive at a definite diagnosis so that appropriate treatment can be instituted
ORDINARY PHYSICIAN
138
-Minor or trivial injuries are usually ignored inasmuch as they do not require usual treatment.
ORDINARY PHYSICIAN
138
MEDICAL JURIST OTHER TERM
“MEDICOLEGAL EXPERTS, MEDICAL EXAMINER, MEDICOLEGAL OFFICERS”
139
-A physician who specializes or is involved primarily with medicolegal duties
MEDICAL JURIST
140
-Inasmuch as administration of justice is primarily a function of the state, physicians whose duties are mainly medico-legal in nature are mostly in the service of the government.
MEDICAL JURIST
141
concerns with the application of medical science to elucidate legal problems.
forensic medicine
141
is primarily the application of medicine to legal cases
legal medicine
141
- It is also a part of medical science which is employed by the legal authorities for the solution of legal problems.
LEGAL MEDICINE
142
-Any physician who testifies in court in his personal capacity can be considered a
practitioner of legal medicine
142
-This refers to the branch of medicine which deals with the application of medical knowledge to the purposes of law and in the administration of justice (Solis, 1987).
LEGAL MEDICINE
142
came from the Spanish origin
LEGAL MEDICINE
143
for record purposes only that is kept in the police station (close up view)
POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY
144
- for court purposes
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
144
-This refers to the investigation of cases that are unique and often require the application of Legal Medicine and requires special training to fully understand their broad significance.
SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION
144
-The emphasis is on physical evidence rather than an EXTRA JUDICIAL CONFESSION.
SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION
145
-The emphasis is on physical evidence rather than an
EXTRA JUDICIAL CONFESSION.
145
-It is the collection of facts in order to accomplish the three-fold aims
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
146
- act of taking a belonging of a person with intimidation or force
ROBBERY
147
- act of taking a belonging of a person without a consent
THEFT
148
the three-fold aims
to identify the guilty party;
to locate the guilty party; and
to provide evidence of his guilt
148
the complexity of nature of the offense that requires the application of Legal Medicine and requires additional qualifications and highly specialized training, such as but not limited to homicide, murder, rape, robbery, arson, etc.
"SPECIAL CRIMES"
149
the combined efforts of these officers are sufficient to solve such as but not limited to theft, physical injuries, malicious mischief, etc.
"COMMON" CRIMES
150
- matters that are usually covered during basic police training and are thus considered within the capability of each policeman to solve.
"COMMON" CRIMES
151
is a joint responsibility of every police officers, whether assigned on desk, patrol, or investigation
INVESTIGATING CRIMES
