Midterm

Question 1

An economic theory that believed that economic wealth and power are complements to each other, and emphasizes a monopoly in the exports of goods, usually by a mother country over colonies and over competitors.

Answer 1

Mercantilism

Question 2

The settlement that ended the Thirty Years War in 1648, said to have created the modern system of states by establishing sovereignty and asking states to not interfere in each other affairs.

Answer 2

Peace of Westphalia

Question 3

The expectation that within a states boundaries they have legal and political supremacy.

Answer 3

Sovereignty

Question 4

The supremacy of one-nation state over others.

Answer 4

Hegemony

Question 5

British peace from 1815-1915, where British economic and political dominance led to a period of widespread peace.

Answer 5

Pax Britannica

Question 6

Monetary system that prevailed from 1870 to 1914, as countries tied their currency to gold at a fixed price.

Answer 6

Gold Standard

Question 7

A global conflict that took place from 1914 to 1918, involving many of the world’s major powers and resulting in widespread devastation and significant political and territorial changes. Allies vs. Central Powers.

Answer 7

World War I

Question 8

Peace treaty between Allies and Germany that formally ended World War I.

Answer 8

Treaty of Versailles

Question 9

An international organization established after World War I in 1920 with the aim of promoting peace, cooperation, and diplomacy among nations, but it ultimately failed to prevent the outbreak of World War II and was replaced by the United Nations in 1945. U.S. was not a member.

Answer 9

League of Nations

Question 10

A global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945, involving many of the world’s nations and characterized by widespread violence and significant geopolitical changes. It began with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and ended with the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, ultimately leading to the defeat of Axis powers, including Germany and Japan.

Answer 10

World War II

Question 11

A period of geopolitical tension and rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, which lasted from the mid-20th century until the early 1990s. It was characterized by political, economic, and ideological conflicts, as well as a nuclear arms race, but it never escalated into direct military confrontation between the two superpowers.

Answer 11

Cold War

Question 12

A military alliance established in 1949, composed of North American and European countries, designed to promote mutual defense and security cooperation among its member states.

Answer 12

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Question 13

An international monetary arrangement established in 1944 that fixed exchange rates to the U.S. dollar, as well as low barriers to international trade and investment promoting economic stability and post-World War II reconstruction

Answer 13

Bretton Woods System

Question 14

A political and military alliance of Eastern Bloc countries, led by the Soviet Union, formed in 1955 in response to NATO’s Western alliance during the Cold War.

Answer 14

Warsaw Pact

Question 15

The process by which many former colonies gained independence from colonial powers, leading to the establishment of sovereign nations in the mid-20th century.

Answer 15

Decolonization

Question 16

The process of increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries, leading to the exchange of goods, services, information, and cultures on a global scale.

Answer 16

Globalization

Question 17

What actors want to achieve through political actions. Their preference among possible outcomes from a situation.

Answer 17

Interests

Question 18

The basic unit for analysis of international politics, can be either individuals or groups of people with common interests.

Answer 18

Actors

Question 19

A political entity with defined borders, government, and sovereignty, typically recognized as a nation, with control over its particular region.

Answer 19

State

Question 20

A state of disorder or absence of a central authority or government control, often used in the context of international relations.

Answer 20

Anarchy

Question 21

The goals, priorities, and objectives of a specific nation within the context of international relations.

Answer 21

National Interests

Question 22

The way in which the choices of two or more political actors combine to make an outcome.

Answer 22

Interactions

Question 23

An interaction in which two or more actors work together to adopt policies that make at least one actor better off relative to the status quo.

Answer 23

Cooperation

Question 24

The process of negotiating and reaching agreements, often involving compromise and trade-offs.

Answer 24

Bargaining

Question 25

The process of aligning actions and efforts among different actors to achieve common goals or objectives. Ex: Cars on the right side.

Answer 25

Coordination

Question 26

Working together towards a shared goal, often involving cooperation, joint effort, and mutual contribution. Actors can gain from this, but also may have incentives not to join. Ex: Prisoner Dilemma.

Answer 26

Collaboration

Question 27

Products that are non-excludable and non-rival in consumption, such as national defense.

Answer 27

Public Goods

Question 28

Refer to situations in which individuals or groups face a challenge in coordinating their actions to achieve a common goal, often because of conflicting interests or the temptation to free ride on the efforts of others. Resolving collective action problems typically involves finding mechanisms or incentives that encourage cooperation and overcoming barriers.

Answer 28

Collective Action Problem

Question 29

Benefiting from a collective resource or effort without contributing to it, often to the detriment of the group's overall success.

Answer 29

Free Rider

Question 30

The repetition of a process or action, often in negotiations or interactions, to refine and improve outcomes.

Answer 30

Iteration

Question 31

The linking of coordination on one issue to interactions on another issue. Ex: US and England

Answer 31

Linkage

Question 32

A key factor that affects the likelihood of cooperation.

Answer 32

Information

Question 33

The ability of Actor A to get Actor B to do something that B would otherwise not do; the ability to get the other side to make concessions and to avoid having to make concessions oneself.

Answer 33

Power

Question 34

Strategy of Power. A strategy of imposing or threatening to impose costs on other actors in order to induce a change in their behavior.

Answer 34

Coercion

Question 35

The alternatives to bargaining with a specific actor.

Answer 35

Outside Options

Question 36

Actions taken before or during bargaining that make the reversion outcome more favorable for one party.

Answer 36

Agenda Setting

Question 37

Sets of rules (known and shared by the community) that structure interactions in specific ways.

Answer 37

Institutions

Question 38

A set of rules and principles governing relations between sovereign states and other international actors, designed to promote cooperation, resolve disputes, and maintain global order.

Answer 38

International Law

Question 39

Must be woven together by one or more unifying principles (not just ad hoc rules)

Answer 39

Body of Rules

Question 40

must include both primary rules (content) and secondary rules (process for making rules)

Answer 40

Status of Law

Question 41

A body of law that seeks to limit the effects of armed conflict, protest noncombatants, and restrict means and methods of warfare for humanitarian reasons. Ex: UNCLOS

Answer 41

International Humanitarian Laws (Laws of War)

Question 42

Widely accepted norms that have come to be seen as legally binding, even if they are not formally agreed upon. Ex: Diplomatic Immunity

Answer 42

Customary International Law

Question 43

A formally concluded and ratified agreement between countries.

Answer 43

Treaties

Question 44

The degree to which states are legally bound by an international rule.

Answer 44

Obligation

Question 45

The degree to which international legal obligations are fully specified.

Answer 45

Precision

Question 46

The degree to which third parties, such as courts, arbitrators, or mediators, are given authority to implement, interpret, and apply international legal rules; to resolve disputes over the rules; and to make additional rules.

Answer 46

Delegation

Question 47

Widely accepted standards of behavior or conduct within a society or international community, shaping expectations and influencing actions of individuals and states.

Answer 47

Norms

Question 48

What makes an actor legitimate or appropriate.

Answer 48

Constitutive Norms

Question 49

How decisions should be made.

Answer 49

Procedural Norms

Question 50

How actors should behave with other actors.

Answer 50

Regulative Norms

Question 51

RIndividuals or groups that seek to advance standards of behavior for states or other actors.

Answer 51

Norms Entrepeneurs

Question 52

A set of individuals and nongovernmental organizations acting in pursuit of a normative objective.

Answer 52

Transnational advocacy network (TAN)

Question 53

A three-stage model of how norms diffuse within a population and achieve a taken-for-granted status.

Answer 53

Norms life cycle

Question 54

A theory describing how domestic or transnational advocacy networks can bypass uncooperative governments by appealing to international actors, creating pressure that "boomerangs" back to influence policy change within the uncooperative state.

Answer 54

Boomerang Model

Question 55

An event involving organized use of a military force by at least two parties that involves a minimum threshold of security.

Answer 55

War

Question 56

A war involving the main participants are states.

Answer 56

Interstate War

Question 57

A war in which the main participants are within the same state, such as the same government and rebel group.

Answer 57

Civil War

Question 58

A dilemma that arises when efforts that states make to defend themselves causes other states to feel less secure, can lead to an arms race and rising tensions.

Answer 58

Security Dillema

Question 59

A bargaining interaction in which at least one actor threatens to use force in the event that its demands are not met.

Answer 59

Crisis Bargaining

Question 60

The use of threats to advance specific demands in a bargaining interaction.

Answer 60

Coercive diplomacy

Question 61

The set of deals that both parties in a bargaining interaction prefer over the reversion outcome. When the reversion outcome is war, the bargaining range is the set of deals that both sides prefer over war.

Answer 61

Bargaining Range

Question 62

An effort to change the status quo through the threat of force.

Answer 62

Compellence

Question 63

An effort to preserve the status quo through the threat of force.

Answer 63

Deterrence

Question 64

A situation in which actors in a strategic interaction lack information about other actors’ interests and/or capabilities.

Answer 64

Incomplete Information

Question 65

The willingness of an actor to endure costs in order to acquire a particular good. Ex: Ukraine

Answer 65

Resolve

Question 66

Believability. A credible threat is a threat that the recipient believes will be carried out. A credible commitment is a commitment or promise that the recipient believes will be honored.

Answer 66

Credibility

Question 67

A strategy in which adversaries take actions that increase the risk of accidental war, with the hope that the other will “blink” (lose its nerve) first and make concessions.

Answer 67

Brinksmanship

Question 68

Making threats in a way that makes backing down difficult.

Answer 68

Tying Hands

Question 69

Negative repercussions for failing to follow through on a threat or to honor a commitment.

Answer 69

Audience Costs

Question 70

Taking costly steps to increase their capabilities, such as by mobilizing and deploying a large military force, increasing military manpower, and/or spending large sums of money.

Answer 70

Paying for power

Question 71

A war fought with the intention of preventing an adversary from becoming stronger in the future.

Answer 71

Preventative War

Question 72

The situation that arises when military technology, military strategies, and/or geography give a significant advantage to whichever state attacks first in a war.

Answer 72

First Strike Advantage

Question 73

A war fought with the anticipation that the other side is about to strike.

Answer 73

Preemptive War

Question 74

A good that cannot be divided without reducing its value. Ex: Land

Answer 74

Indivisible Good

Question 75

Threats to punish for non-compliance.

Answer 75

Deterrence by Punishment

Question 76

Threats to ensure that the adversary will not reach their goals.

Answer 76

Deterrence by Denial

Question 77

Refers to a retaliatory action or policy taken by one country against another in response to a perceived injury, harm, or wrongdoing, often with the aim of restoring a sense of justice or retribution for a prior act.

Answer 77

Revenge

Question 78

Occurs when an action that has a negative effect on someone is returned with an action that has an approximately equal negative effect.

Answer 78

Negative Reciprocity

Question 79

Identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

Answer 79

Nationalism

Question 80

The collection of organizations—including the military, diplomatic corps, and intelligence agencies— that carry out most tasks of governance within the state.

Answer 80

Bureaucracy

Question 81

Groups of individuals with common interests that organize to influence public policy in a manner that benefits their members.

Answer 81

Interest Groups

Question 82

The tendency for people to become more supportive of their country’s government in response to dramatic international events, such as crises or wars.

Answer 82

Rally Effect

Question 83

The incentive that state leaders have to start international crises in order to rally public support back home.

Answer 83

Diversionary Incentive

Question 84

An alliance between military leaders and the industries that benefit from international conflict, such as arms manufacturers.

Answer 84

Military Industrial Complex

Question 85

The observation that there are very few, if any clear cases of war between mature democratic states

Answer 85

Democratic Peace

Question 86

A political system in which candidates compete for political office through frequent, fair elections in which a sizable portion of the adult population can vote.

Answer 86

Democracy

Question 87

A political system in which an individual or small group exercises power with few constraints and no meaningful competition or participation by the general public.

Answer 87

Autocracy

Question 88

The ability to punish or reward leaders for the decisions they make, as when frequent, fair elections enable voters to hold elected officials responsible for their actions by granting or withholding access to political office.

Answer 88

Accountability

Question 89

Institutions that help their members cooperate military in the event of war.

Answer 89

Alliances

Question 90

A situation in which the military capabilities of two states or groups of states is roughly equal

Answer 90

Balance of Power

Question 91

A strategy in which states join forces with the stronger side in a conflict

Answer 91

Bandwangoning

Question 92

The risk of being dragged into an unwanted war because of the opportunistic actions of an ally.

Answer 92

Entrapment

Question 93

A collective security organizaiton founded in 1945 after World War II

Answer 93

United Nations

Question 94

Broad-based institutions that promote peace and security among their members. Examples include the League of Nations and the United Nations

Answer 94

Collective security organizations

Question 95

The intentional and systematic killing aimed at eliminating an identifiable group of people, such as an ethnic or religious group.

Answer 95

Genocide

Question 96

Interventions designed to relieve humanitarian crises stemming from civil conflicts or large-scale human rights abuses, including genocide.

Answer 96

Humanitarian Interventions

Question 97

The main governing body of the UN, which has the authority to identify threats to international peace and security and to prescribe the organization’s response, including military and/or economic sanctions.

Answer 97

Security Council (UNSC)

Question 98

The five permanent members of the UN security Council: the United States, Great Britain, France, Russia, China

Answer 98

Permanent Five

Question 99

The ability to prevent the passage of a measure through a unilateral act, such as a single negative vote.

Answer 99

Veto Power

Question 100

A military operation in which force is used to make and/or enforce peace among warring parties that have not agreed to end their fighting.

Answer 100

Peace-enforcement operation

Question 101

An operation in which troops and observers are deployed to monitor a cease-fire or peace agreement.

Answer 101

Peacekeeping Operation