Midterm Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
What is generalized Anxiety
A
most common type of anxiety, more common in women
2
Q
What is panic disorder
A
fear causing them to be unable to perform daily activity, more common in women
3
Q
What is OCD
A
The inability to control repeated thoughts, rituals are used to ease anxiety
4
Q
what is PTSD
A
Caused by traumatic event
5
Q
When is Panic Disorder treated?
A
When it interrupts daily routine
6
Q
Anxiety disorders are treated with…
A
Serotonin, Aminobutyric acid, Norepinephrine
7
Q
GABA is…
A
Aminobutyric acid
8
Q
5-HT is…
A
Serotonin
9
Q
NE is…
A
Norepinephrine
10
Q
Anxiolytics are..
A
“anxiety destroyers”
11
Q
Anxiolytics enhance…
A
the binding of y-aminobutyric acid to specific receptor
12
Q
Beta Blockers are best for…
A
Short-term anxiety (public speaking)
13
Q
GABAa receptors binding causes…
A
Cl ions channels to open and couple G proteins
14
Q
Influx of CL ions result in…
A
hyperpolarization
15
Q
benzodiazepines are best for…
A
short-term anxiety
16
Q
MOA benzodiazepines
A
GABAa binding causes Cl ion channels to open
17
Q
azapirones do not cause…
A
tolerance or dependence
18
Q
Food decreases azapirones…
A
first pass-metabolism in liver
19
Q
Food increases azapirones…
A
bioavailability
20
Q
How long does it take for Azapirones therapeutic effect to start
A
1-3 weeks
21
Q
MOA of azapirones
A
decreases neuronal firing by binding DA2 and 5-HT1A
22
Q
DA2
A
Dopamine
23
Q
Hydroxyzine is an…
A
Antihistamine for anxiety
24
Q
Hydroxyzine is not recommended for…
A
Men with prostate disease or lactating women
25
Antidepressants can also be used to treat...
OCD
Panic Disorders
Social Phobia
PTSD
26
Example of SSRI
Paroxetine
27
SSRIs inhibit...
5-HT reuptake
28
TCAs inhabit the..
Reuptake of 5-HT and noradrenaline
29
MAOI binding increases...
Synaptic availability of 5-HT, noradrenaline and dopamine
30
Dysthymia is...
Similiar to depression but less severe
31
Biogenic theory of depression
decrease in monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain
32
Mania is associated with...
increase of monoamine neurotransmitters
33
Decreased Norepinephrine is associated with...
Depression
34
Increased norepinephrine is associated with...
Hypertension
35
Action of antidepressents may be linked to...
desensitization/regulation in pos-synaptic beta receptors
36
Serotonin is an...
excitatory neurotransmitter
37
drugs that increase serotonin can be...
used to treat depression
38
MOA TCA
black the reuptake of NE, 5-HT, and monoamine neurotransmitters
39
Examples of TCA
amitriptyline
clomipramine
desipramine
doxepin
imipramine
nortriptyline
trimipramine
40
adverse reactions of TCA
sedation
weight gain
hypotension
constipation
blurred vision
dry mouth
41
MOA SSRIs
Blockade of reuptake transporter move 5-HT across cell membrane, greater opportunity for binding
42
examples of SSRIs
Citalopram
fluoxetine
paroxetine
fluvoxamine
sertraline
Escitalopram
43
Adverse effects of SSRIs
decreased appetite
Nausea
agitation
anxiety
diarrhea
sexual dysfunction
serotonin syndrome
suicidal ideation
44
What is serotonin syndome
Build up of serotonin
45
SSRIs interact with...
anti-coagulants
antiplatelets
Tamoxifen
46
Monoamino oxidase inhibitors block the action of...
MAOs
47
Example of MAOI
Moclobemide
phenelzine
Tranylcypromine
48
MOA of MAOIs
interfere with degradation of monoamine neurotransmitters
results in more norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine for binding
49
How long does it take for MAO levels to return to normal after reversable MAOIs are dc
3-5 days
50
How long does it take for MAO levels to return to normal after dc irreversible MAOIs
2 weeks
51
adverse effects of MAOIs
sedation
dry mouth
urinary retention
constipation
orthostatic hypotension
impotence
weight gain
hypertension crisis
52
What is a hypertensive crisis
Drug interaction with food/drug
53
MOA SNRI
Inhibit reuptake of 5-HT and NE
54
Dual inhibition of 5-HT and NE is more effective than…
Single inhibition of 5HT and NE
55
Adverse effects of SNRI
Nausea
Headache
Dry mouth
Hypertension
Dizziness
Sedation
Suicidal ideation
56
SNRI Stands for
Serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors
57
MAOI stands for
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
58
SSRI stands for
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
59
NA/DRI have weak effects on…
DA and NE reuptake
60
NA/DRI doses of what a strength can increase risks of seizures
450mg/day
61
Heterocyclic antidepressants stimulate…
Cardiac function
62
Trazodone is a weak…
Serotonin reuptake inhibitor
63
Mirtazapine increases….
Norepinephrine and serotonin release
64
Serotonin modulators are for…
Major depression in adults
65
MOA serotonin modulators
Modulate serotonergic neurotransmitters in CNS
66
Most common treatment for Bipolar Disorder
Lithium
67
Lithium T1/2 is ___ and increase the…
24 hrs
Longer pt is on it
68
Pt on lithium should get blood work done every…
3-6 months
69
What can happen when using antidepressants for BPD
Can put pt into manic state
70
Alzeimers is a…
Neurodenerative disease
71
Cognitive symptoms Alzheimer’s
Forgetfullness
Confusion
72
Physical symptoms Alzheimer’s
Difficulty moving
73
Psychological symptoms alxheimers
Anxiety
Anger
Aggressiveness
74
Alzheimer’s is caused by…
Damage to the hippocampus = cholinergic nerve cells in the brain
75
How do Alzheimer plaques and tangles work?
Fill the spaces between neurons and interfere with transmission signals
76
Comarbid conditions of Alzheimer’s
Cerebrovascular disease
High blood pressure
Diabetes
Sleep apnea
Parkinson’s disease
77
Important neurotransmitters with Alzheimer’s
ACh
Glutamate
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
78
Neurodegeneration reduces…
ACh levels
Glutamate binding
N-methyl-D-Aspartate binding
79
AChE is an enzyme that…
Degrades AChE
80
AChE inhibitors increase…
AChE levels
81
Example of AChE inhibitors
Donepezil
Rivastigmine
Galantamine
82
Donepezil is highly…
Protein bound and metabolized CYP 450 isoenzymes
83
Rivastigmine inhibits…
Cholinesterase for up to 10 hours
84
Rivastigmine solution must be drank within…
4 hours
85
Galantamine has minimal…
Protein binding and CYP450 metabolism
86
NMOA Antagonist MOA
Ebixa blocks the action of glutamate at NMDA receptor sites
87
Memantine MOA
Blocks the action ls of glutamate at NMDA sites and is theorized to protect the neuron from further damage
88
Parkinson’s disease is a nervous system disease involving…
Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia and nigrostriatal pathways in the brain
89
Symptoms of parkinsons
For word trunk tilt
Righty and trembling of head and extremities
Reduced arm swinging
Shuffling gait with short steps
Impairment of cognitive functions
90
Parkinson’s symptoms are associated with…
Imbalance between dopamine and acetylcholine
91
Dopamine in Parkinson’s
Regulates direct and indirect extrapyramidal pathways
92
D1 in Parkinson’s
Stimulation by dopamine facilitates muscle movement
93
D2 in Parkinson’s
Stimulation results in impaired voluntary muscle movement
94
Drugs used to treat Parkinson’s disease
Levodopa
Carbidopa
Benserazide
Tolcapone
Amantadine
Bromocriptine
Dopamine agonists
95
Parkinsons drug MOA
Restore the balance between dopamine and acetylcholine ACh
Directly stimulate dopamine receptors
96
Huntingtons disease is…
Progressive and degenerative disease of neurons
97
With Huntingtons disease pt is deficient in…
ACh and GABA leading to hyperactivity of dopaminergic neurons
98
Treatment of Huntingtons disease
Decrease excessive dopaminergic activity
99
Drugs used to treat Huntingtons
Tetrabenazine
Haloperidol
100
Opioid is a term used to describe a drug that acts like…
Morphine
101
Opioids MOA
Bind to opioid receptors in CNS
102
Mu opioid receptors stimulation produces what effects?
Analgesia
Euphoria
Respiratory depression
Pupil construction
Decreased GI motility
Physical dependence
103
Kappa opioid receptor binding produces what effect?
Analgesia
Sedation
Pupil construction
Dysphoria
Hallucinations
104
Delta opioid receptor stimulation produces what effect?
Analgesia
Decreases contraction of smooth muscle
105
Agonists opioid activate which receptors?
Mu
Kappa
Delta
106
What do opioid antagonists do?
Bind to the opioid receptor but do not activate it
107
What is the onset of action for oral opioids
30 minutes
108
Opioid antagonists are indicated for the reversal of…
Respiratory depression
109
NSAIDS MOA
Decrease prostaglandin synthesis by inviting the action of cyclooxygenase
110
COX-1 is found…
Throughout the body
Is important for control of blood flow
111
COX-2 is formed in…
Selected cells as part of the immune response
112
The first choice treatment for neuropathic pain is…
Tricyclic antidepressants
113
Local anesthetics used to treat pain?
Lidocaine
Mexiletine
Capsaicin
114
Thiazide diuretics are used to treat…
Hypertension
115
Examples of Thiazide diuretics
Chlorothiazide
Chlorthalidone
Hydrochlorothiazide
Indapaminde
Metolazone
Polythiazide
116
Thiazide diuretics MOA
Reduce cardiac output
Decrease peripheral resistance
Decrease reabsorption of Na+, H2O, Cl-
117
Loop diuretics are used in the treatment of…
Hypertension
118
Examples of loop diuretics
Bumetanide
Furosemide
Torsemide
119
Loop diuretics are the most…
Potent diuretic
120
Loop diuretic MOA
Block Na+ and K+
121
Potassium sparing diuretics are used to treat…
Hypertension
122
Example of potassium sparing diuretics
Amiloride
Triamterene
123
Aldosterone antagonist is used to treat…
Hypertension
124
Example of aldosterone antagonist
Spironolactone
Eplerenone
125
Potassium sparing diuretics MOA
Inhibit sodium reabsorption while avoiding potassium loss
126
Aldosterone antagonists MOA
Block the effects of aldosterone in kidney
127
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors MOA
Reduces angiotensin 2 and aldosterone levels
Reduces peripheral resistance
128
Angiotensin 2 receptor antagonists MOA
Reduce ventricular and arterial hypertrophy
