midterm Flashcards
the occurrence or non-occurrence of an event
probability
the return made after the probability of occurrence
expected return
a collection of investment which all owned by single individual or a firm
portfolio
is the exposure of uncertainty and danger resulting in changes
risk
important factor in investment decision
risk
2 classification of risk
systematic risk
unsystematic risk
sometimes called non-controllable or undiversifiable risk
systematic risk
7 example of systematic risk
currency risk
equity risk
inflation risk
country risk
interest rate risk
purchasing power risk
event risk
that business operations or an investment value will affected by changes in the exchange rates
currency risk
is the risk that the market value of the share will be increase or decrease
equity risk
is the possiblity that the value of the asset or income will decrease as inflation shrinks
inflation risk
potential volatility of foreign stock
country risk
is the possiblity that the value of a security, purchasing bonds, is reduced due to an increase in the interest rate
interest rate risk
is the risk that inflation will erode the purchasing power of the portfolio of securities
purchasing power risk
the uncertainty that an unexpected events will happen
event risk
sometimes called controllable or diversifiable risk
unsystematic risk
5 example of unsystematic risk
principal risk
credit risk
liquidity risk
call risk
business risk
is the risk of losing the amount invested due to bankruptcy or default
principal risk
the bond issuers delay the payment of the principal and interest
credit risk
risk arise from difficulty in selling an asset
liquidity risk
cash flow risk resulting from the possibility that a collable bond is redeemed before maturity
call risk
is the risk associated with the unique circumstances of a particular company
business risk
standard deviation is computed
measure risk
is widely used measure the volatility.
standard deviation
steps in computing standard deviation
- multiply the expected individual return by the probability distribution
- subtract the expected average return from the return
- square the difference
- multiply the squared difference and multiply the product by the probability distribution
- square the results in step 4
is a statistical measure of the distribution of the data points in a data series around the mean
coefficient of variation
associated with the total risk of the portfolio
portfolio risk
a common problem that individual and firms encounter when making an investment
required rate of return
computed as the weighted average of the beta
portfolio beta
usually paid on installment
debts
(5) advantage of issuing long term debts
- unlike dividends declared, The interest can serve as a “tax shield”
- long term debts help increase a firm’s EPs
- the repayment of the long term debt (in pes) is cheaper during time of inflation
- the outstanding shares of stock are not deluted because new share of stocks are not issued
- the issuers of the bonds enjoy financial flexibility because of the call provisions in the bond indenture. a call provisions permits a firm to redeem the bonds before the maturity date.
(4) disadvantage of issuing long term debts
- a scheduled interest payment is required regardless of the firm’s actual earnings
- the firm’s with considerable amount of outstanding loans does not project a “healthy” financial position
- companies with high financial leverage normally pays a higher interest due to their low credit rating
- a covenant provision in the indenture which subject a firms to certain constraints is very common
(5) debt financing is advisable
- the firms revenue and earnings are stable
- the firms has adequate liquidity and determinable cash flow
- the firm has a low debt-to-equity ratio
- inflation is expected
- the indenture on the debt contract are not bordensome
(2) major forms of long term debts
publicly issued obligation
direct or private placement
as the term itself indicates, obligation which are issued publicly
publicly issued obligation
obligations placed by individuals directly to a company
direct or private placement
are obligation granted by banks or other financial institution
mortgage
is called mortgagor
- borrower
is called mortgages
-lender
are issued to help the borrower financing
-mortgages
3 advantage of using mortgage
- lower interest rate
- less covenant on financing
- extended maturity date on the payment of principal and interest
a long term debts in which the corporation that issued
-bonds
which describes the features of the bond issuance
-bond indenture
3 requisite of mortgage
- the mortgage is constituted to secure the fulfillment of the obligation
- the absolute owner of the property to be mortgaged is the mortgagor himself/herself
- the mortgagor has free disposal of the asset to be mortgaged
two types of covenant
protected covenant
negative covenant
states the action or condition which a company should do.
protected covenant
states the action or condition which a company should not do.
negative covenant
states that if any the condition in the bond indenture is breached.
acceleration clause
6 possible provision of bond indenture
- details of the firm of the bond issued
- covenant
- call provisions
- conversion provisions
- retirement provision
- sinking fund provisions