Midterm

Question 1

What is the major goal of sociology?

Answer 1

the objective is to understand how society works but more precisely, how we are socially organized, scientifically: politics, economy, social relationships/behaviours

Question 2

Historical periods of European history, in order

Answer 2

Greeks, Europeans, Roman and Liberals

Question 3

Greeks

Answer 3

Introduce the concept of “democracy”. Social Theory: Humanistic gods explain your place in society/world

Question 4

Egyptians

Answer 4

Ancient kingdoms unite. Social Theory: Animistic gods explain your place in society/world.

Question 5

Roman

Answer 5

Judaism & Christianity main cultures. Social Theory: Class/social status explains your place in society/world.

Question 6

Liberals

Answer 6

The Neo-Liberal age. A return to original “liberal” ways of organizing societies, created at the dawn of capitalism (early 1800s).

Question 7

Key enlightenment ideas

Answer 7

the enclosure movement, masses of landless labour appear and development of natural sciences

Question 8

The enclosure movement

Answer 8

massive eviction of peasants from the land

Question 9

masses of landless labour appear

Answer 9

private ownership, dawn of urdanization

Question 10

Development of natural sciences

Answer 10

results were critical secular individualization

Question 11

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 11

Secularization - it is the people around us that help to create the world around us

Question 12

John Locke

Answer 12

people are born tabula rasa, we all require socialization

Question 13

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Answer 13

proposed new social contract of universality, freedom, equality, rights etc.

Question 14

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 14

Women rights activist, proposed universal education

Question 15

Enlightenment summative 7 points

Answer 15

1. Nature and role of Reason.
2. The Role of Religion.
3. View of Human Nature.
4. Idea of Progress.
5. Atomism Replaces Corporatism.
6. Mechanism Replaces Organicism.
7. Society Based on a Social Contract.

Question 16

Secularization

Answer 16

the process by which a society, culture, or individual becomes less influenced by or detached from religious beliefs, practices, and institutions.

Question 17

Critical secular individualism

Answer 17

It promotes the idea that individuals should have the freedom to make decisions about their beliefs, values, and lifestyles without undue influence or coercion from religious authorities or doctrines

Question 18

positivism

Answer 18

Must rely upon empirical evidence to understand & explain the social world. Order and progress can/should be achieved though science

Question 19

2 key changes to develop capitalist society

Answer 19

The french revolution – declaration of the rights of man and Reign of terror – 40 k people died at the guillotine

Question 20

5 characteristics of classical and post-classical liberals

Answer 20

1. State-involvement
2. State interventionism
3. Sight of clear lack of fit between equality of opportunity and equality of condition
4. How much involvement in the social system
5. Insititute labour laws and labour unions

Question 21

How Conflict theorist View Capitalist Society

Answer 21

society is based on inequality: competition for scarce economic resources

Question 22

critic of labour theory of value

Answer 22

denies human nature and creates alienation

Question 23

Class

Answer 23

position in society based on income

Question 24

base

Answer 24

economic organization in society

Question 25

Superstructure

Answer 25

relations of production: politics, laws, religion

Question 26

SES

Answer 26

socioeconomic status which means measure of someones social position based on a combination of economic and social attributes

Question 27

Alienation

Answer 27

Workers are not connected to the objects they produce, becoming separated from themselves, other workers.

Question 28

Primitive communism

Answer 28

Land, tools, and resources are collectively owned and utilized by the entire community. Everyone had access 

Question 29

Slave society

Answer 29

the means of production are typically owned by a ruling class of slaveowners

Question 30

Feudalism

Answer 30

land is typically owned by the feudal lords, who grant land in exchange for services and loyalty

Question 31

Capitalism modes of production

Answer 31

capitalist or the bourgeoisie own the means of production, including factories, machines and resources

Question 32

Socialism

Answer 32

the means of production is meant to be collectively owned meaning everyone has equal access.

Question 33

organic analysis of capitalist society

Answer 33

social structures are like organs in the human body - if it breaks down it can be fixed

Question 34

Profane

Answer 34

Things that religious doctrines state we must remain at a distance from. (sins)

Question 35

Sacred

Answer 35

things that religious doctrines protect and isolate

Question 36

collective conscious

Answer 36

The shared set of values, thoughts, ideas through a shared religious framework.

Question 37

social facts

Answer 37

social features that simply exist on their own and are independent of individual expressions.

Question 38

3 key features of organic analogy capitalist society and social organization

Answer 38

capitalist society, social order and political arrangements

Question 39

Capitalist society (3 key features)

Answer 39

must be understood as a system because basic individual needs that must be satisfied if a human society is to survive. 

Question 40

Social order (3 key features)

Answer 40

Social systems tend to be stable & orderly, as long as they possess a set of widely shared & accepted beliefs & values.

Question 41

Political Arrangements ( 3 key features)

Answer 41

Functions to make decisions for the entire social system

Question 42

nature and role of reason summative point

Answer 42

nature and the social world are ordered, humans are a part of the world thus they are naturally rational. humans are predictable, controlled and improved

Question 43

the view of religion

Answer 43

religion isn't the only answer to social questions anymore, once natural sciences were discovered the view of religion shifted

Question 44

view of human nature

Answer 44

1st view was from the church and how society works, you were born a sinner and needed to be baptized at birth. 2nd view was the Enlightenment when people started to look at things from not just a religious stand point

Question 45

idea of progress

Answer 45

progress is unlinear which means everyone is striving for perfection

Question 46

atomism replaces corporatism

Answer 46

atomism is when society is seen as free independent individuals and corporatism is when means of production is owned by corporate entities

Question 47

Classical liberals

Answer 47

natural law regulate social order, everyone must guide themselves to their own interests

Question 48

post-classical liberal

Answer 48

everyone has work together to help society manage, argued full participation from everyone