Midterm

Question 1

lateral bud

Answer 1

A bud along the dorsal side of the stem, gives rise to new branches. Axillary to main leaves. Disappears at end of season.

Question 2

winter bud

Answer 2

A bud along the ventral side of the stem, formed later than lateral buds, remain dormant until the next spring, then gives rise to next years crop.

Question 3

What is Ampelography?

Answer 3

Identification and descriptions of grape varieties by studying the leaves, stems and roots. (i.e. Hair Density of the shoot tips, colour of the young leaves ect.)

Question 4

Purpose of the Roots in the Grapevine?

Answer 4

Uptake water and nutrients

Question 5

Leaves

Answer 5

Conduct photosynthesis and indicates vine health

Question 6

Dormancy

Answer 6

Vine rests, requires temperatures below 50 degrees F to stay dormant

Question 7

Budburst

Answer 7

Buds swell and open, requires temperatures above 50 degrees F

Question 8

Flowering & Fruit Set

Answer 8

Impacted by warmth, sunlight, nutrients, adverse conditions can lead to coulure and millerandage

Question 9

Ripening

Answer 9

Grapes accumulate sugar, tannin, color, aromas, and flavors develop

Question 10

Phylloxera

Answer 10

Aphid-like insect that attacks vine roots, reduces yields and quality, all vines are grafted onto resistant rootstock

Question 11

Exocarp

Answer 11

skin of fruit
outer layer of the pericarp

Question 12

riparia

Answer 12

v phyllox resistant, humidity tolerant, weak not good for poor soils

Question 13

rupestris

Answer 13

very vigorous, not best for quality, good in v weak soils

Question 14

Chloroplast

Answer 14

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Question 15

What is needed for photosynthesis?

Answer 15

water + light + carbon dioxide

Question 16

Stomata

Answer 16

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

Question 17

Stroma

Answer 17

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

Question 18

Why is seed ripeness important?

Answer 18

Seeds have tannins that contribute to red wine

Question 19

Grape Skin

Answer 19

-contains colour, tannins, phenolics and flavour components
-comprised of the hypodermis and episdermis covered in a thick epicuticle wax

Question 20

Flesh/Pulp

Answer 20

-contains sugar, organic acids, flavour compounds

Question 21

Phenology

Answer 21

annual vegetative and reproductive cycles for grapevines

Question 22

what is the goal of training systems?

Answer 22

to optimize yield and fruit quality and ripeness

Question 23

Shoot Tissues

Answer 23

pre-formed in the bud, lays dormant in winter

Question 24

Where do lateral roots form?

Answer 24

in the pericycle in the vascular tissue of the rootstock

Question 25

Is root growth predetermined?

Answer 25

root growth is NOT predetermined in the way the buds/shoots are formed

Question 26

Rootstocks

Answer 26

-pest resistance and resistance to soil and climatic conditions

Question 27

Establishment of roots early in the grapevine life is important to __________?

Answer 27

Establishment of roots early in grapecine life is important for the HEALTH of the vine.

Question 28

Domain of Grapevine

Answer 28

Eukaryota

Question 29

Kingdom

Answer 29

Plantae

Question 30

Phylum

Answer 30

Angiospermae

Question 31

Class

Answer 31

Dicotyledonae

Question 32

Order

Answer 32

Rhamnales

Question 33

Family

Answer 33

Viticeae

Question 34

Genus

Answer 34

Muscadina vs. Vitis

Question 35

How Many Species?

Answer 35

60~70

Question 36

Viticeae (Family)

Answer 36

-simple leaves that alternate -soft/pulpy berry fruits -fuse flower petals that release at the base -unisex flowers -simple or forked tendrils opposite leaves

Question 37

All Cells Contain:

Answer 37

-Cell Wall -Nucleus -Vacuole -Cytoplasm Other Imortant Organelles: -Chloroplasts -Mitochondria -Golgi Apparatus -Endoplasmic Reticulum -Ribosomes -Peroxisomes

Question 38

Cell Wall

Answer 38

-cellulose cell wall enclosing a plasma membrane -rigid -composed of calcium pectate -provides structure, shape, some protection for plant cells

Question 39

Parenchyma

Answer 39

Unspecialized living cells with thin walls

Question 40

Collenchyma

Answer 40

living support cells with thick cell walls with lots of cellulose

Question 41

Schlerenchyma

Answer 41

mature to dead support cells with secondary cell wall containing lignin

Question 42

Main Photosynthetic Organ

Answer 42

Leaf

Question 43

What happens to leaf under low light conditions?

Answer 43

-leaves become thinner, larger and petioles may be become longer to maximize light interception

Question 44

What happens to leaves under high light conditions?

Answer 44

-choloroplasts will migrate to the centre of the leaf structure -leaf looks dusty/grey -decreased photosynthesis

Question 45

Upper Upidermis (UE)

Answer 45

-very tight layer of cells, oriented horizontally, parallel to the leaf surface -protective covering over the leaf

Question 46

Cuticle

Answer 46

Waxy layer, secreted from the epidermal cells