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AP US Government and Politics > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Rousseau philosophies

A

popular sovereignty and social contract

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2
Q

Federalist 10

A

factions

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3
Q

enumerated powers of congress

A

taxes, borrowing money, coining money, declaring war, raising armies, and maintaining the army/navy

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4
Q

Elastic clause

A

Congress can pass any laws that are necessary and proper to carry out the enumerated powers

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5
Q

Supremacy clause

A

federal law supersedes state law

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6
Q

Brutus 1

A

only a small country can be a republic

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7
Q

Federalism

A

the sharing of power between the national government and the states

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8
Q

Implied powers

A

authority of the federal government that goes beyond its expressed powers

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9
Q

Passing amendments

A

proposed by 2/3 of congress/states, then approved by 3/4 of state legislators/ratifying conventions

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10
Q

Federalist 51

A

Argues for the separation of powers with checks and balances

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11
Q

Commerce clause

A

Congress can regulate interstate and foreign commerce

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12
Q

Natural rights

A

life, liberty, pursuit of happiness (property)

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13
Q

Popular sovereignty

A

power of those in ruling positions comes from the people

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14
Q

Habeas corpus

A

one cannot be arrested without a stated reason

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15
Q

Bill of attainder

A

there must be a trial before punishment

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16
Q

Ex post facto laws

A

someone cannot be retroactively punished for a crime

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17
Q

Pluralist theory

A

groups with individual beliefs influence the government by voicing their concern, though they’re not directly involved in government

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18
Q

Elitist theory

A

only wealthy and powerful people influence government

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19
Q

Participatory democracy

A

citizens participate individually and directly in political decisions and policies that affect their lives, rather than through elected representatives

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20
Q

Concurrent powers

A

powers granted to both the state and federal government

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21
Q

Delegated powers

A

expressed, implied, and inherent powers

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22
Q

Reserved powers

A

powers for states only

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23
Q

Eminent domain

A

local/state/national government may take property with compensation to be used for public good

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24
Q

Cooperative federalism

A

a flexible relationship between the federal and state governments in which both work together on a variety of issues and programs

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25
Q

Dual federalism

A

an older concept that attempted to clearly divide state and federal power

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26
Q

Fiscal federalism

A

cooperative federalism in which the national government provides funding to the states for various projects in the form of grants in aid

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27
Q

Conditions of aid

A

instructions that national government gives the states in order for them to recieve their grants

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28
Q

Mandates

A

funded or unfunded requirements for states from the federal government

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29
Q

Devolution

A

when national government delegates power to certain lower governments

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30
Q

Categorical grants

A

give money to states under certain conditions

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31
Q

Block grants

A

return more pwoers to states by giving money to be spent on a broad category

32
Q

Incumbant

A

someone running for reelection

33
Q

Pork barrel spending

A

allocation of funds to projects within districts or states (typically narrowly focused)

34
Q

Congressional oversight

A

holding hearings and conducts oversight of agency enforcement operations, functions and policies

35
Q

Standing committee

A

deals with a permanent issue

36
Q

Joint committee

A

include both chambers

37
Q

Conference committee

A

a joint committee that works out differences in the chambers on bills

38
Q

Select committees

A

for temporary concerns (sometimes investigative)

39
Q

Discharge petition

A

forces a bill out of its committee

40
Q

House rules committee

A

reviews most bills after they come from the full committee and before they go to the full chamber for consideration

41
Q

Hold

A

a senator communicates with majrity party leader to delay a bill’s passage

42
Q

Unanimous consent agreements

A

bring order and structure to floor business and expedite the course of legislation. They can be as simple as a request to dispense with a quorum call or as complicated as a binding contract resulting from prolonged and often spirited debate

43
Q

Judicial restraint

A

belief that justices should avoid overturning laws

44
Q

Judicial activism

A

the practice of judges making rulings based on their policy views in order to consider broader social implications

45
Q

Criminal cases

A

covers actions considered to harm a community; gov vs defendant, determines innocence or guilt by unanimous vote by a trial jury,

46
Q

Civil cases

A

covers private rights and relationships; plaintiff vs defendant, finds compromise, may waive the need for a jury to be present

47
Q

Grand jury

A

decides whether or not a person should be formally charged with a crime or other offense, and a trial follows if yes

48
Q

Federalist 70

A

An energetic single executive will protect against foreign attacks, provide for the administration fo laws, and protect liberty/property; allows president to act quickly and with authority; people can hold a singular person accountable

49
Q

Federalist 78

A

argues for a judicial branch separate from the others, where justices are loyal only to the constitution with lifetime appointments

50
Q

Marbury v Madison

A

Adams appointed midnight judges and Madison did not send list to senate; court argued that they did not have original jurisdiction in such cases (judicial review)

51
Q

Shaw v Reno

A

NC tried to create a majority-minority district to favor african americans, but court argued grouping voters by race is unconstitutional (racial gerrymandering)

52
Q

Baker v Carr

A

TN had not reapportioned state districts and population distribution had changed; court declared they could force the state to redistrict under the Equal Protection Clause which required that each vote count equally - one person one vote

53
Q

MuCulloch v Maryland

A

constitutionality of creating a national bank was questioned when Maryland taxed the Baltimore section of the national bank; court says that the elastic clause allows for the creation of a 2nd bank, and federal law is above state law

54
Q

US v Lopez

A

Lopez was arrested for bringing a gun to school and violating the Gun Free School Zones Act, but the court argued that congress’s power under the commerce clause did not extend to this act

55
Q

Bill 1

A

freedom of speech

56
Q

Bill 2

A

right to bear arms

57
Q

Bill 3

A

cannot force quartering of soldiers

58
Q

Bill 4

A

no unreasonable searches/seizures, requiring warrants and probable cause

59
Q

Bill 5

A

Right to grand jurt, no double jeapardy, due process of laws, protection against self-incrimination, and eminent domain

60
Q

Bill 6

A

Fair/speedy trial by impartial juryB

61
Q

Bill 7

A

Right to jury trial in certain civil cases

62
Q

Bill 8

A

no cruel and unusual punishment

63
Q

Bill 9

A

Enumeration of certain rights does not deny other rights to the people

64
Q

Bill 10

A

Powers not delegated to federal government are for the states/people

65
Q

Article 1

A

Congress

66
Q

Article 2

A

Executive

67
Q

Article 3

A

Judicial

68
Q

Article 4

A

states/citizenship

69
Q

Article 5

A

Amendments

70
Q

Article 6

A

debts/supremacy/oaths/religious tests

71
Q

Article 7

A

ratification

72
Q

Deciding a case based on precedent

A

Stare decisis

73
Q

initiative

A

efforts by the people to change a law

74
Q

referendum

A

disapproval by the people of a law passed

75
Q

recall

A

demand by the people for an elected representative to be removed

AP US Government and Politics (3 decks)

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