Midterm Flashcards
To pass (132 cards)
1
Q
Photosynthesis
- Each of the items listed below is involved in the energy process utilized by living things. What is the relationship of these items?
a. NADPH
b. ATP
c. Sunlight
d. Glucose
A
All are in photosynthesis. The light dependent reaction captures sunlight and stores the light energy in NADPH and ATP. Then the plant undergoes the Calvin Cycle where NADPH and ATP contribute energy to the process to create glucose.
2
Q
Photosynthesis
What stage of photosynthesis captures light energy and converts it into chemical energy temporarily stored in NADPH and ATP?
A
Light dependent reactions
3
Q
Photosynthesis
What stage of photosynthesis utilizes NADPH, ATP, and CO2 to make glucose?
A
Independent light reactions, dark reation, Calvin Cycle
4
Q
Photosynthesis
What are the reactants of the light reaction?
A
- H2O
- NADP+
- ADP
- (Energy)
5
Q
Photosynthesis
What are the products of the light reaction?
A
- ATP
- NADPH
6
Q
Photosynthesis
What are the reactants of the Calvin Cycle?
A
- ATP
- NADPH
CO2
7
Q
Photosynthesis
What are the products of the Calvin Cycle?
A
- ADP
- NADP+
- Glucose
8
Q
Photosynthesis
What is the main purpose of photosynthesis?
A
To convert light energy to chemical energy
9
Q
Photosynthesis
What is the most original source of energy for living things?
A
The sun
10
Q
Biomolecules
Is matter and energy recycled?
A
Matter from organic molecules are recycled. Unlike matter, energy can’t be recycled.
11
Q
Biomolecules - Lipids
Describe the molecule that makes up cell membranes…
A
Phospholipids:
- Major component of cell membranes
- Structurally similar to fats
- Two fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule
- A phosphate group attaches to third hydroxyl group of glycerol
- Recall the phosphate functional group is polar and the fatty acids are nonpolar
- Thus a phospholipid molecule is schizophrenic
- Phospholipid molecules have a polar hydrophilic phosphate group called the head and two nonpolar hydrophobic fatty acids called the tail
12
Q
Biomolecules - Lipids
Describe the molecule that can be saturated or unsaturated…
A
The different types of fatty acids are unsaturated and saturated. Fatty acids are lipid organic molecules.
13
Q
Biomolecules - Lipids
What makes fatty acids saturated or unsaturated?
A
Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.
Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds.
14
Q
Biomolecules - Lipids
Are fatty acids polar or nonpolar?
A
Nonpolar
15
Q
Biomolecules - Lipids
How many hydrogen atoms in saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids?
A
Unsaturated has less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Saturated has a maximum number of hydrogen atoms.
16
Q
Biomolecules - Lipids
Which is healthier? Saturated or unsaturated fatty acids?
A
Unsaturated
17
Q
Biomolecules - Lipids
Which is solid or not solid at room temperature? Saturated or unsaturated fatty acids?
A
Unsaturated has double bonds that causes kinks and bends causing it to be liquid at room temperature. Since saturated has no double bonds there are no kinks or bends causing it to be solid at room temperature.
18
Q
Biomolecules - Carbohydrates
Types of atoms in carbohydrates…
A
C, H, O
19
Q
Biomolecules - Lipids
Types of atoms in lipids…
A
C, H, O
20
Q
Biomolecules - Proteins
Types of atoms in proteins…
A
C, H, O, N, S
21
Q
Biomolecules - Carbohydrates
Monomers of carbohydrates…
A
monosaccharides
22
Q
Biomolecules - Lipids
Monomers of lipids…
A
Glycerol and fatty acids
23
Q
Biomolecules - Proteins
Monomers of proteins…
A
amino acids
24
Q
Biomolecules - Carbohydrates
Examples of carbohydrates…
A
Chitin, cellulose, starch, glycogen, glucose, fructose, fiber
25
# Biomolecules - Lipids
Types of Lipids...
Phospholipids, fatty acids, triglycerides, waxes, steroids
26
# Biomolecules - Proteins
Types of proteins...
1. Structural
2. Contractile
3. Storage
4. Defense
5. Transport
6. Signal
7. Enzymes
27
# Biomolecules
Which biomolecule is not soluble in water?
Lipids
28
# Biomolecules - Proteins
Describe the primary structure of proteins...
**Sequence** of amino acids covalently bonded together to form a polypeptide
Primary structure includes the number of amino acids found in the protein, types of amino acids found in the protein, and the order in which the amino acids are arranged in the protein.
29
# Biomolecules - Proteins
Describe the secondary structure of proteins...
Localized **folding** or **coiling** of polypeptide chain
Due to hydrogen bonding within backbone of protein
Regular spaced hydrogen bonds form between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group (carbonyl portion) of another amino acid
Two types of secondary structures are **alpha helix (coiling pattern)**, and **Beta Pleated Sheets (folded pattern**).
30
# Biomolecules - Proteins
Describe the tertiary structure of proteins...
Entire polypeptide folds up into **3-D shape**
Due to attraction & repulsions between R-groups
Hydrogen Bonding Between R-groups
Ionic Bonding Between R-groups
Disulfide Bonds Between R-groups
Hydrophobic Interactions
31
# Biomolecules - Proteins
Describe the quaternary structure of proteins...
Some but not all proteins consist of two or more polypeptides linked together
When **two or more polypeptide chains link together** to form the protein this is a quaternary structure.
Not every protein has quaternary structure, only proteins that are made of **two or more polypeptide chains** have quaternary structure.
Bonds that chain together are the same as tertiary bonds.
32
# Biomolecules - Proteins - Amino Acids
What would happen if you changed one amino acid in a protein?
Changing one amino acid means changing the shape which changes the function.
**If you change the structure of a protein, the function is changed.**
- Less of function
- Gain of function (speed) – Ex. Cancer
- No function
- Change the function
33
# Biomolecules - Proteins - Amino Acids
Describe the structural of amino acids...
All amino acids have a central carbon called the **alpha carbon**
Covalently bonded to alpha carbon for all twenty amino acids are the following:
A. **Amino functional group attached left of alpha carbon**
B. **Carboxyl functional group attached right of carbon**
C. **Hydrogen atom attached above alpha carbon**
D. **R-group (side chain or variable) group attached below carbon**
34
# Biomolecules - Proteins - Amino Acids
Describe functional groups of amino acids...
R-groups can be **nonpolar/hydrophobic**
R-groups can be **polar/hydrophilic**
R-groups can be **electrically charged**
Negatively charged amino acids act as **acids**
Positively charged amino acids act as a **base**
35
# Biomolecules - Proteins - Amino Acids
How many differenct amino acids are there?
20
36
# Biomolecules - Proteins - Amino Acids
How do the twenty amino acids differ from each other?
Each of the twenty amino acids have a **different R-group**
R-groups determine the specific properties of amino acids
Diversity of life is due to different arrangements of the universal set of these twenty amino acids.
37
# Biomolecules - Proteins
What is denaturation?
If shape of protein is altered the function is altered
**The unfolding or lose of shape of a protein is called denaturation**
38
# Biomolecules - Proteins
What causes denaturation?
Changes in pH, temperature, or salt concentration can denature proteins
39
# Biomolecules - Carbohydrates
What is the function of carbohydrates?
- Furnishing the carbon skeleton for building other biomolecules in the cell
- Storing chemical energy in the form of starch or glycogen
- Immediate energy source in the form of glucose
- Providing cells with fibrous structural material for cell walls and exoskeleton
- Monosaccharide’s serve as monomers for complex carbohydrates
- Identifies the type of cell
40
# Biomolecules - Carbohydrates
What is the function of monosaccharides?
- Energy storage
- Structural role
41
# Biomolecules - Carbohydrates
What is the function of polysaccharides?
- Energy storage
- Structural role
42
# Biomolecules - Lipids
What are the functions of fats?
- long term energy storage
- cushioning
- insulation
43
# Biomolecules - Lipids
What is the function of phospholipids?
makes up cell membrane
44
# Biomolecules - Lipids
What are the functions of steroids?
- Hormones
- Signal molecules
45
# Biomolecules - Lipids
What are the functions of cholesterol?
- component of cell membrane
- steroid structure
46
# Atoms
What are the six types of elements that make up 95% of living things?
**C**arbon
**H**ydrogen
**O**xygen
**N**itrogen
**P**hosphorus
**S**ulfur
47
# Atoms
What determines the behavior of atoms?
The number of valance electrons
48
# Carbon
What is the atomic number of carbon?
6
49
# Atoms
What determines how many covalent bonds in atom can make?
The number of covalent bonds an atom can make is determined by the **number of valence electrons.**
50
# Carbon
How can you tell that carbon can make four covalent bonds?
2 of carbon’s 6 electrons go in the first shell. There are four electrons left on the 2nd level ready to form covalent bonds.
51
# Carbon
Where does carbon in living things come from?
Carbon dioxide from the air
52
# Carbon
What process incorporates carbon into organic molecules?
Carbon fixation
53
# Carbon
What is carbon fixation?
The first step of the Calvin cycle carbon dioxide combines with a five-carbon molecule, RuBp
54
# Carbon
Why carbon is the fundamental element of organic molecules?
- Almost all the molecules found in organisms **contain the atom carbon**.
- Living things consist **mostly of carbon-based compounds**
- Biomolecules found in living organisms are primarily made of **chains of carbon atoms**.
- The carbon chain serves as the **backbone or skeleton of organic molecules**, which other atoms attach to the carbon
- Small, easy to fit in places
55
# Carbon
Why do cells (living things) need to synthesize organic molecules (build large molecules)?
Cells need to synthesize large complex organic molecules to **carry out the functions of living things**.
56
# Carbon
What type of bond is the major bonds of molecules of living things?
covalent bonds
57
# Water
What is dehydration synthesis?
(condensation reaction) is **the linking of monomers into polymers by removing a water molecule**.
58
# Water
What is hydrolysis?
the **breakdown of polymers by adding water**.
59
# Water
How many waters are added or removed given the number of monomers?
The number of water molecules added or removed corresponds to **the number of bonds formed or broken** during the reaction.
60
# Water
Explain why water molecules stick to other water molecules...
This is due to water’s **cohesion** property. When **water molecules stick together to other water molecules**.
61
# Water
What biomolecule would make a good water repellent and why?
Lipids, since they are **nonpolar** molecules, meaning that they are also **hydrophobic** ('water fearing').
62
# Water
List as many reasons as you can for the importance of water to life...
- We can survive longer just intaking water vs food
- 70-95% of organisms are made of water
- Two thirds of our bodily molecules are water
- living cells are filled with water
- most chemical reactions in organisms occur in water solutions
- major means of transport in living things
- water in a major reactant in photosynthesis
63
# Water
Does water contain lots of energy?
NO
64
# living things, energy, chemical reactions
What happens to living things if they do not obtain a continuous input of energy (think 2nd law of thermodynamics)?
The cells will be unable to maintain their order and organization leading them to die.
65
# living things, energy, chemical reactions
What law explains the reason that food chains are 4-5 links long?
**The first law of thermodynamics** states that energy can not be created nor destroyed. In a food chain, in every transfer of energy less than 100% of energy is not destroyed but lost to the environment as heat. **Since energy is very limited there is not enough energy for another link.**
66
# living things, energy, chemical reactions
When bonds are formed, is energy absorbed or released?
Released
67
# living things, energy, chemical reactions
When bonds are broken, is energy absorbed or released?
Absorbed
68
# living things, energy, chemical reactions
What is an endergonic reaction?
When energy is absorbed
69
# living things, energy, chemical reactions
What is an exergonic reaction?
When energy is released
70
# living things, energy, chemical reactions
Major exergonic biological process...
cellular respiration
71
# living things, energy, chemical reactions
Major endergonic biological process...
photosynthesis
72
# Enzymes
Can enzymes be reused?
Yes
73
# Enzymes
Are enzymes specific?
**Yes**, since the active site shape with only fit one type of substrate
74
# Enzymes
Are enzymes changed in chemical reactions?
No
75
# Enzymes
Do enzymes add energy to the reaction?
No, but they lower the amount of activation energy that is needed
76
# Enzymes
Do enzymes speed up reactions?
Yes
77
# Enzymes
How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions without raising the temperature?
By lowering the activation energy
78
# Cell Respiration
What are the products of cell respiration?
water and carbon dioxide
79
# Cell Respiration
What are the reactants of cell respiration?
glucose and oxygen
80
# Cell Respiration
What does cell respiration extract from food?
The cells of livings things collect the chemical energy stored in organic molecules (food or glucose) from the environment and use it to generate ATP.
81
# Dehydration Synthesis
If 3 glucose molecules are combined by dehydration synthesis, what would be the chemical formula of the resulting molecule?
C18H32O16
82
# Photosynthesis
Reactants of the light reaction...
H2O, ADP, NADP+
83
# Photosynthesis
Products of the light reaction...
O2
ATP
NADPH
84
# Photosynthesis
Reactants of the Calvin Cycle...
ATP
NADPH
CO2
85
# Photosynthesis
Products of the Calvin Cycle...
ADP
NADP+
Glucose
86
# Photosynthesis
What is a byproduct of the light reaction? What is released?
Oxygen (O2)
87
# Photosynthesis
What is the role of pigment molecules in photosynthesis?
**absorb light energy **and facilitate its conversion into chemical energy, initiating the process of photosynthesis by capturing sunlight for the synthesis of organic molecules.
88
# Photosynthesis
Where does the oxygen in glucose come from?
The O2 molecules that are split from water
89
# Photosynthesis
What is needed to convert PGA to G3P?
Energy (phosphate groups) from ATP and NADPH
90
# Water
Why do aquatic organisms have an environment that has less temperature fluctuation than that of land-dwelling organisms?
This is due to water’s property, **specific heat capacity**, since water can absorb and retain heat it helps stabilize temperatures in aquatic environments.
91
# BTB
What color? Plant, BTB, light
Blue
92
# BTB
What color? Plant, BTB, dark
Yellow
93
# BTB
What color? BTB alone in the light
blue
94
# BTB
What color? BTB alone in the dark
blue
95
# BTB
What color? Plant, BTB, snail, no light
Yellow
96
# BTB
What color? Plant, BTB, snail, light
green
97
# Plants
Where does the majority of plant mass come from?
carbon and water
98
# Water
What property of water helps it travel up xylem vessels?
capillary action
99
Define struture of a Glycerol...
- 3 carbons
- 3 hydroxyl groups
- the rest are hydrogen
100
Isotopes vs isomers
Isotopes is the different number of neutrons. Isomers is different structure but same number of atoms.
101
What are living things made of?
Organic molecules
102
What is energy and what is it measured in?
ability to do work; cals
103
1st law of thermodynamics
energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be converted
104
2nd law of thermodynamics
every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
105
entropy
the disorder of the universe
106
10% rule
10% of the energy is transferred from one level to the next, 90% turns into heat
107
independent variable
variable that is manipulated
108
depdendent variable
the measurable outcome/response in which the research is interested
109
control group
the group that does not receive the experimental treatment and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
109
control variable
the variables that ares kept constant during an experiment
110
What does an experiment provide?
data for coming up with a conclusion
110
What makes a good scientific question?
1. Not based on morals or opinions
2. Examines the relationship between 2
variables (dependent vs independent)
3. Can be investigated through a controlled
experiment (testable)
4. Results can be quantifiable: measured and interpreted
5. Is precise and not a broad question
6. natural cause not supernatural
111
All of water's magical properties are due to what?
Hydrogen bonding
112
how does water allow hydrogen bonding
water molecules are polar
113
define enzyme
A substance that lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction and thus increases the rate of reaction is called a catalyst. Proteins in cells that catalyze reactions are called enzymes
114
define substrate
The reactant molecule(s) that enzyme acts on
115
active site
The region of enzyme that binds with substrate
116
Enzyme-substrate complex
The enzyme and substrate combine to form this structure
117
Allosteric site
Another region on enzyme that a regulatory molecule can bind to. When regulatory molecule binds to allosteric site it causes a shape change in enzyme. This prevents substrate from binding to active site.
118
How is the water molecule distributed in hydrolysis between the monomers
a hydroxyl group go to one and a hydrogen goes to the other
119
what determines atomic mass?
protons + neutrons
120
what are the 3 subatomic particles?
Electrons, neutrons, protons
121
What determines atomic number?
The number of protons
122
What is the valence shell?
outermost shell of atom
123
what are single covalent bonds
bonds that share 2 electrons
124
what are double covalent bonds
bonds that share 4 electrons
125
what is the octet rule
Atoms will continue to bond until their valence shell is full, determine if atoms will covalently bond or ionically bond
126
are covalent bonds strong or weak?
strong
127
What are polar covalent bonds?
one atom has greater electronegativity than the other, resulting in an unequal sharing of the electrons
128
What are nonpolar covalent bonds?
equal sharing of electrons
129
electronegativity
0 < 0.4 - nonpolar
0.4 < 2.0 - polar
130
are hydrogen bonds strong or weak?
weak
