Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

psych 1100 > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

(73 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

William James headed to what is now Germany, where he learned about the new field of psychology in:

A

1860

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The structuralist approach to psychology gradually faded, mostly because of the subjective nature of

A

introspection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Locke argued that a child’s mind is

A

a tabula rasa, or “blank slate.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The method of introspection is a problematic approach because…

A

it is difficult for psychologists to agree on the basic elements of consciousness, and the method is too subjective.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

philosophical dualism

A

The idea that the mind and body are separate entities that interact to produce sensations, emotions, and conscious experiences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

psychology

A

the scientific study of mind and behaviour, and it has deep philosophical roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

philosophical materialism

A

all mental phenomena are reducible to physical phenomena.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

philosophical realism

A

perceptions of the physical world are produced by the information from the sensory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

philosophical idealism

A

perceptions of the physical world are the brain’s interpretation of information from the sensory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

philosophical empiricsm

A

the view that all knowledge is acquired through experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

philosophical nativism

A

some knowledge is innate rather than acquired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

reaction time

A

the amount of time between the onset of a stimulus and a person’s response to the stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

structuralism

A

late 19th European psychologists attempted to isolate and analyze the mind’s basic elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

introspection

A

the analysis subjective experience by trained observers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

functionalism

A

influenced by Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection, emphasizing the adaptive significance of mental processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

natural selection

A

the process by which the specific attributes that promote an organism’s survival and reproduction become more prevalent in the population over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

hysteria

A

a loss of function that has no obvious physical origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

unconscious

A

the part of the mind that contains information of which people are not aware

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

developed by Sigmund Freud, the influence of the unconscious on feelings, thoughts, and behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

psychoanalysis

A

a therapy devised by Freud that he believed could help people gain insight into the contents of their unconscious minds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

behaviourism

A

developed by John Watson that restricted scientific inquiry to observable behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

principle of reinforcement

A

how organisms learn to operate in their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

how the mind creates perceptual experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

developmental psychology

A

how psychological phenomena change over the life span

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
social psychology
the study of the causes and consequences of sociality
26
cognitive psychology
the emergence of this allowed psychologists to use the language information processing to study mentalistic phenomena
27
evolutionary psychology
the study of how the human mind has been shaped by natural selection
28
cognitive neuroscience
the relationship between the brain and the mind (human)
29
behavioural neuroscience
the relationship between the brain and behaviour (animal)
30
cultural psychology
the study of how culture influences mental life
31
what impact did Freud have on psychology
little impact on experimental psychology, but a tremendous impact on the treatment of psychological disorders and on the intellectual climate of the Western world
32
empiricism
knowledge of the world can be acquired by observing it
33
scientific method
a procedure for using empirical evidence to establish facts
34
theories
explanations of natural phenomena
35
hypothesis
a falsifiable prediction made by a theory
36
empirical method
a set of rules and techniques for observation
37
operational definition
a description of a property in measurable terms
38
construct validity
a feature of operational definitions whose specified operations are generally considered good indicators of the specified properties
39
power
a detector's ability to detect the presence of differences or changes in the magnitude of a property
40
reliability
a detector's ability to detect the absence of differences or changes in the magnitude of a property
41
demand characteristics
those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone else wants or expects
42
naturalistic observation
a technique for gathering information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments
43
observer bias
the tendency for observers' expectations to influence both what they believe they observed and what they actually observed
44
double-blind study
a study in which neither the researcher nor the participant knows how the participants are expected to behave
45
population
a complete collection of people
46
sample
a partial collection of people drawn from a population
47
frequency distribution
a graphic representation showing the number of times that the measurement of a property takes on each of its possible values
48
normal distribution
a mathematically defined distribution in which the frequency of measurements is highest in the middle and decreases symmetrically in both directions
49
mode
the value of the most frequently observed measurement
50
mean
the average value of all the measurements
51
median
the value that is in the middle
52
range
the value of the smallest measurement
53
standard deviation
how each of the measurements in a frequency distribution differs from the mean
54
variable
properties that can have more than one value
55
correlation
a relationship between variables in which variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other
56
correlation coefficient (r)
a mathematical measure of both the direction and strength of a correlation
57
natural correlation
a correlation that is observed in the natural world
58
third-variable problem
the natural correlation between two variables cannot be taken as evidence of a causal relationship between them because a third variable might be causing them both
59
experimentation
a technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables
60
manipulation
a technique for determining the causal power of a variable by actively changing its value
61
independent variable
that variable that is manipulated in an experiement
62
dependant variable
the variable that is measured in an experiment
63
self-selection
a problem that occurs when anything about a participant determines the value of the independent variable to which the participant was exposed
64
random assignment
a procedure that assigns participants to conditions by chance
65
internal validity
an attribute of an experiment that allows it to establish causal relationships
66
external validity
an attribute of an experiment in which variables have been operationally defined in a representative way
67
case method
a procedure for gathering scientific information by studying a single individual
68
random sampling
a technique for selecting participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample
69
replication
an experiment that uses the same procedures as a previous experiment but with a new sample from the same population
70
type I error
occurs when researchers conclude that there is a causal relationship between two variables when in fact there is not
71
type II error
occurs when researchers conclude that there is not a causal relationship between two variables when in fact there is
72
informed consent
a verbal agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all risks that participation may entail
73
debriefing
a verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study

psych 1100 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions