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Migration and the Border > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

refugee

A

asks to immigrate back home (numerical limits)

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2
Q

asylum seeker

A

asks to immigrate at the border or in the US (no limits)

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3
Q

remittance

A

money sent by immigrants back home

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4
Q

visa

A

permission to enter a foreign country (non-immigrant visa vs permanent visa (green card))

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5
Q

naturalization

A

the process of becoming a citizen

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6
Q

push factor

A

what motivates migrants to leave

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7
Q

pull factor

A

what motivates migrants to move to their destination

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8
Q

day laborer

A

usually immigrants, works for daily wages

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9
Q

climate migration

A

migrating due to climate-related disasters, becoming more common

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10
Q

central american dry corridor

A

strip of land across El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua that is vulnerable to extreme climate events

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11
Q

deferred action for childhood arrivals (DACA)

A

legal deferral of deportation for child migrants
- must be under 18
-2 years guaranteed deferral in exchange for DNA and info about family
-passed by Obama, not congress (meaning less protection)

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12
Q

labor migrant

A

migrate for work, do not usually plan on staying

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13
Q

entrepreneurial migrant

A

migrate to establish a new business

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14
Q

professional migrant

A

migrate for work, can apply for employment-based visas

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15
Q

chinese exclusion act of 1882

A

10 year ban on Chinese laborers immigrating to US

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16
Q

national origins quota act of 1924

A

limited the number of immigrants allowed entry to US through a national origins quota

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17
Q

US v Wong Kim Ark

A

established birthright citizenship in US

WKA born in SF, was denied re-entry to US after China trip based on Chinese exclusion act
WKA came back again, detained, until they realized the court case and he was the defendant

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18
Q

Hart-Celler Act of 1965

A

changed the country’s legislation system

abolished the national origins quota system (heavily favored Northern and Western Europeans),
established new policy centered around family reunification and skills of immigrants

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19
Q

bracero program

A

allowed millions of Mexicans temporary work permits between 1942-1964, established to address labor shortages in farms caused by the war

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20
Q

human capital

A

the skills, knowledge, experience, and abilities of individuals that contribute to the economy/industries

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21
Q

segmented assimilation

A

people assimilate into society in segments/parts

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22
Q

symbolic ethnicity

A

immigrants create holidays, traditions,customs that are not typically celebrated back home so that white people can embrace their culture (e.g. St. Patrick’s day)

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23
Q

reactive ethnicity

A

as a result of discrimination, people claim their ethnic identity (e.g. Lunary New Year was not celebrated in the US, now it is)

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24
Q

replenished ethnicity

A

process of revitalizing or renewing ethnic identity/cultural practices

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25
anglo conformity model
immigrants are expected to adopt the cultural norms, values, and practices of the receiving community (e.g. immigrants expected to act American) generally more hostile critique: excludes other cultures, culture hegemony, and ignores multicultural realities
26
melting pot model
everyone's cultures blend together to make a new, unique culture critiques: can push aside cultures, loss of cultural heritage, assimilation pressure, excludes marginalized groups, ignores structural inequalities (discrimination, etc.)
27
straight-line assimilation
sending country --> ethnic enclave in US --> mainstream --> nostalgia for sending country multigenerational assimilation critiques: oversimplification, overlooks structural barriers (discrimination, inequality, etc.)
28
conditional citizen
individual who holds citizenship in a country, but their rights are subject to conditions or restrictions e.g. citizenship granted once they meet residency requirements, civic/language exams, good moral character, etc.
29
xenophobia
intense fear, dislike, or prejudice against people from other countries or cultures
30
nativism
preference for native-born individuals over immigrants
31
how did 9/11 change US migration policy
switched policy's focus to securing America instituted Department of Homeland Security: - United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) - Customs and Border Protection (CBP) - Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) infrastructure changes: - fences at MX border and increased border patrol - req'd biometric info and nonimmigrant visas - real ID act of 2005
32
why do undocumented immigrants have trouble getting healthcare?
they can not use Medicare, Obamacare, Medicaid or CHIP (exceptions for both) obstacles: - lack of knowledge of system - lack of medical insurance - lack of transportation/drivers license - prioritize work before health - xenophobia/racism
33
roads to a permanent visa in US
1. family based migration 2. employment-based migration 3. diversity lottery 4. humanitarian relief (incl. asylum, SJIS- few granted)
34
family-based migration
no limit, granted to: - spouses and recent widows, children, stepchildren/stepparents (marriage occured before child was 18), adopted children (under 16) 480,000 green cards/year granted to: - unmarried children 21+, spouses and unmarried children of a greencard holder, married children, siblings/parents of 21+ citizen
35
employment-based migration
140,000 green cards/year granted to people whose job skills can not be met by US workers
36
diversity lottery
50,000 green cards/year granted to citizens on a list of countries with few immigrants in the US, educational qualifications apply
37
special immigrant juvenile status (SIJS)
immigrant children who have been abused, neglected, or abandoned by their parents
38
what two events influenced the development of UN refugee system
1. World War II 2. 1951 UN refugee convention
39
why was WWII important
displaced persons: - Polish and Ukrainian enslavement - concentration camps (Jews, Roma, Socialists, LGBTQ+, Jehovah's Witnesses) they fleed their homes to escape violence, persecution, and war- it forced the UN to provide widespread humanitarian aid
40
why is the 1951 UN Refugee Convention important
principle of non-refoulment- no country can expel a refugee whose life or freedom is threatened because of their: 1. race 2. religion 3. nationality 4. political opinion 5. membership of a particular social group (that can not be changed)
41
ways in which climate change leads to migration
extreme climate events act as a push factor (e.g. floods, typhoons, hurricanes, gloval warming --> less resources, social tension) examples: 1. Rice Farmers on River Delta: dams reduce water paired w increased saltwater flooding make rice farming difficult/impossible 2. Central American Dry Corridor, 95% of crops failed 3. Rust Belt in Flint, MI: switched to Flint river water which had rust from abandoned car factories, led absorption led to widespread Legionnaires disease and infections
42
three cultural narratives of receiving community
1. melting pot model 2. anglo conformity model 3. assimilationist narrative
43
what are portes and rambaut's types of immigrants
1. labor migrants 2. professional migrants 3. entrepreneurial migrants 4. refugees/asylees
44
two major factors that determine portes and rambaut's types of immigrants
1. personal resources (material/human capital) 2. government classification (undocumented/temporary legal status/permanent legal residency/resettlement assistance)
45
how was migration part of the European colonization of North America
voluntary: Spanish colony in Florida, English Pilgrims migrating to New England involuntary: WWII, Irish famine, Catholic persecution in Germany
46
17900 naturalization act
allowed white immigrants that have lived in the US can naturalize if they can prove to the court that they are a good person (extended to their children if they live in the US and are under 21) excludes: Native Americans, indentured servants, slaves, Africans, Pacific Islanders, and non-White Asians
47
four periods in US migration history
1. colonization and migration 2. encouraging migration 3. restricting migration 4. contemporary migration
48
key events during the colonization and migration period
- Spanish colony of Florida - slaves - Declaration of Independence - 1790 Naturalization Act
49
key events during encouraging migration period
- Irish famine - gold rush in CA - US civil war - Catholic persecution in Germany
50
key events during restricting migration
- Chinese exclusion act - Geary act (extended Chinese exclusion act for 10 years) - US vs Wong Kim Ark - WWI - National Origins Quota Act - WWII - Bracero program
51
key events during contemporary migration
- Hart-Celler Act - diversity lottery created - DACA created
52
common push and pull factors throughout US migration history
push: environmental factors, work, poor economic situation, prejudice, discrimination, violence, poor education pull: better quality of life, better economic opportunities, no work, more equal opportunities, education
53
Jim Crowe caste system
African Americans relegated to second class citizens, legitimized racism, racial segregation
54
how did Jim Crowe caste system play a role in the great migration
Black Americans moved to the North from South to escape Jim Crowe laws and discrimination/violence
55
factors that shape outcomes in segmented assimilation thery
1. individual features (e.g. human capital) 2. social environment of receiving community (e.g. government classification, societal reception, situation of immigrant community) 3. family situation (e.g. single/married parents, adapt together or apart)
56
racial/ethnic disadvantage model
people who are not white are not able to fully assimilate/enter society- they are viewed as "other"
57
selective resistance
kids and parents resist assimilation and mainstream
58
consonant acculturation
kids and parents assimilate together into mainstream
59
dissonant acculturation
kids and parents adapt separately cons: role reversal between kids and parents, kids are more susceptible to criminal activity
60
hourglass economy
produces more upper and lower classes: 1. highly skilled and educated 2. merchants/skilled labor 3. service/economy labor
61
two assimilationist narratives
straight line assimilation segmented assimilation

Migration and the Border (1 decks)

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