Midterm Flashcards
Anthropology
the study of humans: their culture, history, and evolution.
Holistic perspective
gaining understanding through study of the whole rather than
individual parts. Think of the story of the blind men and the elephant; none of them
could understand what the elephant was from each separate part, but together they
could recognize it as an elephant
Ethnocentrism
judging all other cultures based solely in comparison to your own,
which you believe to be the best, most correct culture
Culture-bound
a perspective that produces theories about the world and reality that
are based on the assumptions and values from the researcher’s own culture
Applied anthropology
the use of anthropology to study and solve real world problems
Medical anthropology
specialized field of anthropology that brings applied and
theoretical approaches from anthropology to the study of human health and disease
Cultural anthropology
the study of patterns in human behaviour, thought, and
emotions, focusing on humans as culture-producing and culture-reproducing creatures.
Culture
a society’s shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions,
which are used to make sense of experience
Ethnography
the in-depth study of a culture (observation, interviews, study).
Fieldwork
when a scientist, after preparing and planning for years, goes out to do research and experiments in the field. This may be an archaeological dig, participant
observation, surveys, or any other study method.
Participant observation
observing a person (or primate) as they go about their daily
life. Ethical issues: consent, outside influence, animal or human rights, interference,
correct notetaking
Ethnology
comparison of ethnographic data, society and culture. Often contrasts different cultures with each other
Linguistic anthropology
study of languages and their reflection or effect on human
culture, activities, and evolution. Can be ancient or modern.
Archaeology
the study of cultures through the recovery and analysis of material remains and environmental data
Bioarchaeology
the study of human remains – bones, skulls, teeth, hair, dried skin – to
determine the influences of culture and environment on human biological variation
Cultural resource management
field where most of the archaeologists in Canada work,
consulting with businesses and private landowners who want to make sure they aren’t
disturbing artifacts, remains, or features.
Physical anthropology
the study of human remains (ancestral remains)
Molecular anthropology
study of genes and genetic relationships as well as their
contribution to human evolution, adaptation, and diversity
Paleoanthropology
the study of ancient or early humans, including other extinct
species (homo erectus, homo neanderthalensis, etc)
Biocultural approach
an approach that focuses on the interaction of biology and culture
Primatology
study of primates (apes, prosimians, simians) as well as their relation to
modern humans and our evolution
Forensic anthropology
study of human remains or artifacts to solve crimes or simply
answer questions about human remains. (Legal purposes)
Empirical
factual data concerned with numbers, heights, dates, and measurable data.
Hypothesis
an educated guess that is proven or disproven through testing and
experimentation.
Theory
once a hypothesis has been proven multiple times, a theory may be proposed
that explains the results of the experiments. It is a coherent statement.
Doctrine
a belief in a particular system or knowledge. A position that doesn’t allow for
other views or opinions, handed down by authority as the truth.
Culture shock
the feeling of alienation resulting from a move to a different culture. It
comes in waves of confusion, loneliness, and can be debilitating.
Globalization
the spread of new ideas, processes, cultures, and practices across the
world thanks to increased connectivity. Social media, big business, and global media
accelerates acculturation and can destroy traditional ways of life.
Primates
the group of mammals that includes lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes,
and humans
Mammals
the class of vertebrates distinguished by bodies covered with hair or fur,
self-regulating temperature, and milk producing mammary glands
Mammal Traits
- Intelligence
▪ Generally higher cognitive abilities
▪ Emotional intelligence/map/relationships - Young are born alive/not in eggs (some exceptions)
- Breast-fed
▪ Ability to feed offspring with milk from mammary glands - Constant body temperature
- Diaphragm that controls breathing
- 4 chambered hearts
- Limbs are below body
▪ Economical and saves energy - Flexible and hard joints
▪ Growth in youth, durability in age - Simple skeleton (when compared to reptiles/birds)
- Special teeth for specific purposes
- Two sets of teeth (as compared to a shark or a reptile)
Species
the smallest working unit in biological classification. Reproductively isolated
populations or groups of populations capable of interbreeding
Genus
a group of like species (one above species)
Notochord
spine-like structure that supports the body of all embryonic and some
adult chordate creatures. (Species that have spines)
Taxonomy
the science of naming, defining, and classifying organisms based on shared
characteristics
Analogous
similar feature, similar function, different species (bird wing, bug wing)
Homologous
similar feature, different function (think a flipper or a wing)
Natural selection
evolutionary process where advantageous traits are “selected for”
whereas the disadvantageous ones are not. This means that individuals in possession of
the better traits live to reproduce while the rest do not (or to a lesser extent)
Law of segregation
variants of genes maintain their separate identities through the
generations (they don’t mix with each other like soups, they mix like granola)
Law of independent assortment
principle that genes controlling different traits are
inherited independently of each other (randomly)
Chromosome
the structure taken by DNA during cell division
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid, the recipe for all proteins created in the body. Is a double
helix ladder shape of alternating proteins, sugars, and phosphate.
Chromatid
one of the identical halves of a chromosome that split during cell division.
Alleles
an alternative form of a single gene (We inherit multiple copies of every gene
from our parents, so we have many different alleles that code for the same trait. A
dominant allele will override a recessive allele, so we might end up with red hair when
our parents are blond)
Gene
a length of DNA that codes for a particular protein
Enzymes
proteins that begin chemical reactions
Karyotype
the array of chromosomes found within a cell (every one of your cells contains YOUR karyotype.
Genome
the complete structure of all DNA for a species
Codon
a three-base sequence of a gene that specifies a particular amino acid for the
creation of a protein
RNA
ribonucleic acid, the single stranded molecule, like DNA, that transcribes and
transports instructions from DNA within the nucleus to the ribosomes, where it directs
protein synthesis. Contains uracil rather than thymine
Transcription
copying of a gene onto RNA within the nucleus. (Conversion of DNA
code to RNA code)
Ribosomes
cell structure where transcription occurs (little thingies that float around
the cytoplasm or are imbedded in the endoplasmic reticulum RER)
Translation
occurs in ribosomes. The codons of the RNA are translated into amino
acids, which then fold into proteins
Genetic code
the set of rules by which codons in genetic material specify amino acids in protein synthesis
Mitosis
asexual reproduction. Cell division produces daughter cells that are identical
(genetic copies) to the mother cell
Meiosis
sexual reproduction. A process that produces sex cells, each of which is half of
the number of chromosomes present in the other cells of the organism. One sex cell
from each parent is required for reproduction.
Homozygous
a chromosome pair that bears identical alleles for a single gene (both
chromosomes have the code for the same gene)
Heterozygous
a chromosome pair that has different alleles for a single gene (A+ blood
type vs B- blood type)
Genotype
the alleles an individual possesses for a particular trait
Dominant
in genetics, a term to describe the ability of an allele for a trait to mask the
presence of another allele
Recessive
in genetics, a term to describe an allele for a trait whose expression is
masked by the presence of a dominant allele
Phenotype
an individual’s observable characteristics. This can come from their
genetics or their environment
Hemoglobin
the protein that carries oxygen in human red blood cells
Polygenetic inheritance
two or more genes contributing to the phenotypic expression
of a single characteristic (genes work together to express different traits)
Population
a group of similar individuals that can and do interbreed
Gene pool
all the genetic variants possessed by members of a population
Evolution
the changes in allele frequencies in populations; also known as
microevolution (on the small scale)
Hardy-Weinburg principle
a principle stating that the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors. When mating is random in a large population with no disruptive circumstances, the law predicts that both genotype and allele frequencies will remain constant because they are in equilibrium.