Midterm Flashcards

Question

How to prevent antibiotic resistance?

Answer 1

 Don’t take an antibiotic every time you get sick. They are mainly helpful for bacterial infections and ineffective against viruses  Use antibiotics as directed and finish the full course of medication even if you begin to feel better.  Never take an antibiotic without a prescription.

Answer 2

o Viruses lack all the enzymes essential to energy production and protein synthesis in normal animal cells, and they cannot grow or reproduce themselves. o Viruses are parasites, they take what they need for growth and reproduction from cells they invade. o Illness caused by viruses are the most common forms of contagious disease.

Answer 3

A common way of contracting a common cold is from fomite transmission. Fomite transmission is where the infectious host exhales respiratory droplets onto on inert object and someone then touches that inert object and touches their face or another mucous membrane and becomes infected.

Answer 4

- Chlamydia trachomatis causes chlamydia, the most commonly reported bacterial STI o Usually with antibiotics o However, often there are no early symptoms (can increase inadvertent spreading of the disease) o If left untreated, can lead to ectopic pregnancy

Answer 5

- Gonorrhea is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae which flourishes in mucous membranes and is transmitted through sexual contact with the penis, vagina, mouth, or anus of an infected partner o Often asymptomatic o In males it is inflammation of the urethra, prostate, epididymis o Causes PID in females o Usually with antibiotics but resistance is a growing concern

Answer 6

- Syphilis is caused by a spirochete called Treponema pallidum, which is a thin, corkscrew-shaped bacterium. o The pathogen passes through any break or opening in the skin or mucous membranes and can be transmitted by vaginal or anal intercourse or oral contact with a syphilitic lesion. Primary syphilis  Is usually characterized by an ulcer called a chancre that appears within 10 to 90 days after exposure. Secondary syphilis  Is usually characterized by a skin rash that appears 3 ti 6 weeks after the chancre Tertiary  Untreated secondary syphilis develops tertiary syphilis with symptoms that appear 10 – 20 years after infection

Answer 7

 It is transmitted through blood to blood or fluid-blood contact.  Commonly through unprotected sex  It is a chronic disease that progressively damages the body’s immune system making an otherwise healthy person less able to resist a variety of infections and disorders.  HIV attacks the immune system itself, invading and taking over essential elements of the immune system.  It hides immune cells  It replicates too fast for the immune system to fight it and therefore mutates and avoids elimination.  Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)  This blocks HIV from replicating itself

Answer 8

o The collective term for various diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

Answer 9

o The heart is a four-chambered, fist-sized muscle located just beneath the sternum (breastbone). It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and delivers oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. o Blood travels through 2 separate circulatory systems  The right side * Pulmonary circulation o Pumps blood to the lungs  Left side * Systemic circulation o Pumps blood through the rest of the body

Answer 10

 Oxygen-poor blood travels through large vessels, called venae cavae, into the heart’s right upper chamber, called the atrium  After the right atrium fills, it contracts and pumps blood into the hearts right lower chamber, called the ventricle  When the right ventricle is full, it contracts and pumps blood through the pulmonary artery into the lungs  In the lungs, blood picks up oxygen and discards carbon dioxide  The cleaned, oxygenated blood flows form the lungs through the pulmonary veins into the heart’s left atrium  After the left atrium fills, it contracts and pumps blood into the left ventricle  When the left ventricle is full, it pumps blood through the aorta (the body’s largest artery) for distribution to the rest of the body’s blood vessels

Answer 11

 Tobacco use  High Blood pressure (hypertension)  High Cholesterol  Physical Inactivity  Obesity  Diabetes Contributing factors that can be changed: o High triglyceride levels o Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome

Answer 12

o Atherosclerosis o Coronary Heart Disease o Heart Disease and Heart Attack o Angina o Arrhythmias and Sudden cardiac death

Answer 13

* Diabetes is a disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels because of an insufficient supply or inadequate action of insulin * It increases the risk of CVD by 2 to 4 times * Complications of diabetes mainly affect the arteries. When the larger arteries are affected, all forms of CVD result, including heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral vascular disease.

Answer 14

o To treat the blockage a balloon angioplasty is used which is where a small wire is placed in the artery and feeding a deflated balloon over it. The balloon is advanced to the site of narrowing then inflated to widen the arterial opening.

Answer 15

 Surgeons remove a healthy blood vessel, usually a vein from one of the patient’s legs, and graft it from the aorta to one or more coronary arteries to bypass a blockage

Answer 16

Ischemic stroke * Caused by a blockage in a blood vessel * 2 types o Thrombotic stroke  Caused by thrombus, which is a blood clot that forms in a cerebral artery that has been narrowed or damaged by atherosclerosis o Embolic stroke  Caused by an embolus, which is a wondering blood clot that is carried in the blood stream and may become wedged in a cerebral artery Hemorrhagic stroke * A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain bursts, spilling blood into the surrounding tissue 2 types o Intracerebral hemorrhage  A blood vessel ruptures within the brain o Subarachnoid hemorrhage  A blood vessel on the brain’s surface ruptures and bleeds into the space between the brain and the skull * A bursting malformed blood vessel is called an aneurysm

Answer 17

o Increase fibre intake o Decrease sodium intake and increase potassium intake o Moderate alcohol consumption o Other dietary factors o Exercise regularly o Avoid tobacco o Know an manage blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and stress and anger

Answer 18

- Cancer is the abnormal, uncontrolled multiplication of cells that, if left untreated, can ultimately cause death

Answer 19

o Metastasis, is the spreading of cancer cells from one part of the body to another, occurs because cancer cells do not stick to each other as strongly as normal cells do and therefore may not remain at the site of the primary tumour (cancer’s original location) - The travelling and seeding process is called metastasizing and the new tumours are called secondary tumours, or metastases

Answer 20

Lung cancer o Risk factors  Tobacco smoke and other carcinogens such as asbestos or certain pollutants o Detection and treatment  CT scan detects lung cancer  Symptoms do not appear until the disease has advanced to the invasive stage  Signals are persistent cough, chest pain, recurring bronchitis  Chemotherapy treats it

Answer 21

Colon and rectal cancer o Risk factors  Many cancers arise from pre-existing polyps, small growths on the wall of the colon that may gradually develop into malignancies  Chronic bowel inflammation and type 2 diabetes increase the risk of colon cancer  Lifestyle is also a factor o Detection and treatment  Regular screening is what is able to detect  Surgery is how it is treated and radiation and chemotherapy may be used to shrink any other remaining cancerous cells

Answer 22

Breast cancer o Risk factors  Has a strong genetic component  Early onset of menstruation, late onset of menopause, having no children or having a first child after age 30, having a high breast density (greater than 75 percent), current use of hormone replacement therapy, obesity, being physically inactive, and alcohol use.  Any factor that increases estrogen exposure may raise breast cancer risk o Early detection  Mammograms are used as a detection mechanism * Low-dose X-ray every 2-3 years.  Breast awareness * Breast self-exams (BSEs) o Treatment  If a lump is detected, it may be scanned by ultrasonography and biopsied to see if it is cancerous  Surgeries such as lumpectomy and mastectomy

Answer 23

Prostate Cancer o Risk factors  Age is the strongest predictor of the risk  Inherited genetic predisposition may be responsible for 5 to 20 percent of cases, and men with a family history of the disease should be particularly vigilant about screening. o Detection  Warnings signs can include changes in urinary frequency, weak or interrupted urine flow, painful urination, and blood in the urine.  Techniques for early detection include a digital rectal examination and the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test o Treatment  Usually involves radical prostatectomy, in which the prostate is removed surgically.

Answer 24

 This is the body’s ability to respond or adapt to the demand and stress of physical effort – that is, to perform moderate to vigorous levels of physical activity without becoming overly tired

Answer 25

 Cardiorespiratory endurance  Muscular strength  Muscular endurance  Flexibility  Body composition

Answer 26

Frequency, intensity, time, and type, which are all things that need to be considered when making a workout plan.

Answer 27

Aerobic exercises are exercises that use large muscle groups in your body and is rhythmic and repetitive examples: Jump rope, running, rowing, swimming, cycling Anaerobic exercise involves quick Burts of energy and are performed at maximum effort for a short time. examples: sprints, weightlifting, isometrics, plyometrics, interval training.

Answer 28

o Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and water

Answer 29

Proteins o Proteins form important parts of the body’s main structural components: muscles and bones o Also form important parts of blood, enzymes, some hormones, and cell membranes o Amino acids  These are the building blocks of proteins o Complete vs incomplete proteins  If the protein supplies all essential amino acids it is complete, if not it is incomplete Protein builds and repairs muscles and makes hormones and enzymes

Answer 30

Fats (lipids) o These are the most concentrated source of energy o Fats in the diet help your body absorb fat-soluble vitamins and add important flavour and texture to foods. o Types and sources of fat:  Saturated vs unsaturated * Foods that are solid at room temperature (red meats) are usually saturated * Unsaturated fat comes from plants and are liquid at room temperature. o Hydrogenation  This is a process which a mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids is produced, creating a more solid fat from liquid oil.  Turns unsaturated fatty acids into trans fatty acids. o Fats and health  Saturated and trans fatty acids raise blood levels of LDL or “bad” cholesterol  Unsaturated fatty acids increase the levels of HDL or “good” cholesterol

Answer 31

Carbohydrates o These are needed in the diet primarily to supply energy for body cells o Carbs are classified into 2 groups:  Simple  Complex o Simple  Simple carbs provide much of the sweetness in foods o Complex  Include starches and most types of dietary fibre o Glycemic Index  A food that has a rapid effect on blood glucose levels

Answer 32

Fibre o This is term given to non-digestible carbohydrates provided by plants o Types fibre comes in 2 types:  Dietary fibre * Refers to the non-digestible carbohydrates that are present naturally in plants, such as grains, legumes, and vegetables  Functional fibre * Refers to non-digestible carbohydrates that have been either isolated from natural sources or synthesized in a lab and then added to a food product or dietary supplement. o Sources of fibre  All plant foods contain some dietary fibre.

Answer 33

Vitamins o These are organic substances required in small amounts to regulate various processes within living cells. o What are the functions of vitamins?  Vitamins help chemical reactions take place. They provide no energy to the body directly, but help unleash the energy stored in carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. o Vitamin Deficiencies  If your diet lacks a particular vitamin, characteristic symptoms of deficiency can develop. o Vitamin excesses  Taking too many vitamins can be harmful, especially when taken as supplements.

Answer 34

o These are inorganic elements you need in relatively small amounts to help regulate body functions, aid in the growth and maintenance of body tissues, and help release energy.

Answer 35

o These can help protect the body from damage by free radicals in several ways. o Free radicals are a normal part of the metabolism process, and factors such as smoking, certain drugs, and stress can increase free radicals.

Answer 36

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) *Everything under this is related to DRI o These are standards for nutrient intake designed to prevent nutritional; deficiencies and reduces the risk of chronic disease. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) *Part of DRI o Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all healthy individuals Adequate Intake (AI) *Part of DRI o Established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA and is set at a level assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) *Part of DRI o Maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects o Not all dietary substances have a UL

Answer 37

Vegan: o NO animal products Lacto-vegetarian o Milk only Lacto-ovo vegetarian o Milk and eggs Semi-vegetarian o Fish only, sometimes often other meats but usually excludes red meat

Answer 38

Light o Reduced in energy or reduced in fat Reduced or fewer o At least 25 percent less of a nutrient than a similar product; can be applied to fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, and calories Good source of fibre o 2 grams or more of fibre or of each identified fibre Fat free o Less than 0.5 grams of fat per serving Low in calories o 40 calories or less per serving High source of fibre o 4 grams or more of fibre or of each identified fibre

Midterm Flashcards

(62 cards)