Midterm Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Define wildlife rehabilitation
A
Treatment and temporary care of injured/displaced wildlife and subsequent return of healthy individuals to appropriate habitats (and time of year) in the wild
2
Q
Can you put bands on turkey vultures
A
No-they defeated on their legs which builds up and scalds men
3
Q
What do you need before you rehab injured wildlife
A
Federal and state permits and notify officials before doing anything (except triage to send to another facility)
4
Q
What are the 6 general steps of the rehab process
A
- Evaluate - can it eventually be released
- Triage - prioritize care
3.medical and surgical management - Convalescence - healing and moving around
- Rehab and physical therapy - are they still good candidates to release?
- Release
5
Q
What’s important to remember about the cages injured birds are rehabbed in
A
They need to keep the parent in but other animals out also (especially if outdoor facilities)
6
Q
What does Raptor mean
A
Bird of prey
7
Q
How do you differentiate gender in Barn owls
A
Males have a white face, finales have mostly white with some grey
8
Q
Give examples of falconiforms
A
Hawks, Falcons , eagles , vultures (vultures are protected!)
9
Q
How can you tell a male American kestrel
A
Blueing of the wings and “ wearing a blue cap”
10
Q
Describe falcaniforms
A
Diurnal ( hunt during the day), females larger, crop present , small ceca
11
Q
- And - falconiforms are sexually dimorphic (males and females are physically different)
A
Northern harrier and kestrel
12
Q
Describe strigiformes
A
All species of owls, mostly nocturnal, no distinct sexual dimorphism , females larger, well developed ceca I no crop present
13
Q
Which strigiformes are diurnal (hunt during day)
A
Burrowing owl, great gray owl , snowy owl
14
Q
How should you control raptors ? what is the exception
A
Control feet first, then head - except vultures because they have flat feet they defecate on
15
Q
What is the issue with ill fitting hoods
A
Can damage corneas
16
Q
Describe feet of raptor (birds of prey) then raptors
A
Raptors - large muscular feet to tear prey apart
Vultures - flat feet , have hooked beaks to tear prey apart
17
Q
What happens if primary feathers are broker off in raptor handling
A
Have to wait til next molting season (a year to be released)
18
Q
How should you not restrain raptors
A
Don’t compress sternum or lay bird on back
19
Q
What clinical signs might you see in a bird fed too much frozen fish
A
Neuro signs due to increased tismine
20
Q
What kind of perch do falcons like? Kestrels?
A
Falcons - Flat perches
Kestrels - Round perches
21
Q
Describe lead toxicosis in birds - what is diagnostic for it
A
Secondary to ingestion of prey (especially eagles) causing weakness, neuro signs (head pressing), weight loss - signs appear >1 ppm but prognosis is poor if >2ppm, normal is 0.2-0.4 ppm
22
Q
How do you treat lead toxicosis
A
Supportive care, remove lead, calcium EDMA (chelation therapy - remove lead)
23
Q
Describe pododermatitis (bumble foot)
A
Ascending bacterial infection of the feet (Staph aureus ), disease of captive birds, most common in falcons o birds on perches too long
24
Q
What causes bumblefoot
A
Improper perches, overgrown talons , obesity and inactivity, unequal weight being due to bandaging
25
Are blue eyes in orphaned juvenile raptors pathologic
No - juvenile interacts are a temporary condition
26
What is the most important infectious raptor disease in clinics ? How do you treat
Avian tuberculosis (m. Avium) - bacterial, weakness, chronic weight loss, excertional dyspnea - treat with quarantine and bedding replacement and strict sanitation
27
How do you diagnose avian tuberculosis
Increased leukocytes, hepatosplenomegaly, granulomas or bone marrow masses, culture
28
What is the most important respiratory disease in raptors? Who is most affected
Aspergillosis - fungal; eagles, peregrine falcon, goshawk (falcons most susceptible)
29
What disease causes oral plaques (also crop and upper gi)? How do you treat
Candidiasis - fungal / yeast infection; treat with itraconazole
30
What is the ultimate goal for raptor rehab
Release back to the wild
31
What caused the outbreak of rabies in Virginia
Translocation of infected raccoons
32
Describe dumb rabies
Aimless wandering, lethargy, incoordination, weakness in hind legs, pozlusis
33
Describe furious rabies
Vicious attacks and self mutilation
34
What do both forms of rabies ultimately end up in
End in convulsions, coma, death
35
Briefly describe the transmission of rabies
In salivary gland - exposure when saliva enters a wound (bite or scratch), aerosol, organ transplant - virus does not persist outside the host
36
How do we diagnose rabies
Brain tissue or fat (favorescent antibody test) - will see negri bodies on histo
37
What's the main goal of controlling rabies
Prevent western spread
38
Rabies is - in people
100% fatal
39
If there is a rabies case - who is in charge
State officials due to high zoonotic potential
40
What systems are most affected by canine distemper
Respiratory tract, GI tract , eyes
41
Which wildlife are most often hosts of chine distemper
Raccoons, gray foxes , coyotes - major cause of mortality in raccoons and grey foxes
42
What clinical signs and you see with canine distemper
Dyspnea, coughing, diarrhea, convulsions, chewing fits, loss of fear, proliferation of foot pad epithelium
43
How do you diagnose canine distemper
Eosinophilia viral inclusion bodies, fat lair dried ocular swabs in live animals
44
What is the path genesis of canine distemper
Replicates in lymphatic tissues, secondary viremia occurs, disseminated infection that can be deadly in 2-4 weeks
45
What virus was responsible for near extinction of the black footed ferret
Canine distemper virus (also in African wild dogs)
46
What is the major difference between rabies and canine distemper virus
Canine distemper virus doesn't really have Public health concerns - rabies obviously does
47
Who is often affected by sarcastic mange (infestation of sarcoptes scabiei mite)
Red foxes (distemper was grey foxes) and coyotes - card cross to domestic dogs
48
What are clinical signs of sarcoptic mange
Alopecia, thickening and wrinkling of the skin, pruritus so bad they lose weight because not hunting, death in 2-3 months
49
How do you diagnose sarcoptic mange
Skin scrape + clinical signs
50
What is the significance of sarcastic mange in wildlife
Substantial mortality in red fox population, zoonotic potential can cause transient dermatitis in people
51
What causes hemorrhagic disease in white tailed deer
Episodic hemorragic disease or blue tongue virus
52
How is hemorrhagic disease transmitted, when does it occur
Biting midges (culcoides vector) in late summer early fall, causes acute or chronic disease
53
What are acute signs of hemorrhagic disease in white tailed deer
Fever, oral cyanosis, pulmonary edema, edema of head and neck respiratory distress, rapid death in 1-3 days
54
What are chronic signs of hemorrhagic disease in white tailed deer
Sloughing of hoof wall, ruminal ulcers , weight loss, sudden death
55
Does blue tongue virus affect cattle
Usually asymptomatic - might see loners or sore mouth
56
Are sheep affected by bluetongue virus? Ehd?
More serious disease in sheep (BT virus) - sheep not affected by ehd
57
Where is hemorrhagic disease of white tailed deer mostly found
Along eastern coast of Virginia, rave west of blue ridge
58
What causes tuberculosis
Mycobacterium Bovis
59
How is tuberculosis transmitted in wildlife? Which states are most affected
Aerosol, consumption of contaminated feed - congregations of deer at feed grounds in the winter then those deer hope fences into cattle fields - Michigan and Minnesota increasingly affected
60
What are clinical signs of tuberculosis
Chronic disease with weight loss, small yellow nodes in chest and lungs, subQ swelling and abscesses, swollen lymph nodes in head and cranial neck - disseminated when end stage disease
61
How do you diagnose tuberculosis
Single cervical test with intradermal injection of tuberculin, comparative cervical test
62
What are concerns around tuberculosis in wildlife
Possible hunter exposure to tuberculosis from infected her, loss of trade status - plan to eliminate supplemental feeding and baiting and reduce her density through hunting
63
Describe chronic wasting disease - which wildlife species are affected
Progressive neuro disease resulting in death due to prions, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy - affects elk, deer, moose - white tailed deer most affected
64
Do priors in CWD last in environment
Yes- can last for years very resistant
65
What are clinical signs of CWD ? What is the incubation period
12 months to 3-5 years - emociation, abnormal posture, staggering,aspiration pneumonia
66
How do you diagnose CWD
Presence of prions in obex or retro pharyngeal lymph nodes, ELISA - have to depopulate to test
67
Is there a zoonotic risk with CWD
No evidence
68
What is meningeal worm ? What is the intermediate host
p. Tenuis , CNS nematode of white tailed deer - migrates along spine column and brain -intermediate host is the snail
69
How do youdiagnose meningeal worm in White tailed deer
Finding adult worms in the CNS - have to euthanize first
70
What are clinical signs of meringeal worm
No signs in White tailed deer - progressive fatal neuro disease in some species, others survive and shed larvae
71
Describe wet avian pox
Raised plaques in oral cavity or respiratorytract
72
Describe the dry form of avian pox
Proliferative nodules on unfeathered areas of Body
73
How is avian pox transmitted
Blood feeding insects (mosquito), inhalation or ingestion of infected scabs
74
Is there zoonotic potential for Avian pox
No
75
What are clinical signs of Avian pox
Emaciation, visual impairment, respiratory distress, inability to eat or swallow
76
What signs do you see with Duck viral enteritis
Bloody discharge from nares, mouth , vent , ability to fly, convulsions, sudden death
77
How is duck viral enteritis transmitted
Contact, virus shed in fecal/oral - survivors lifetime carriers and shed virus, often shed along flyways
78
Is there zoonotic risk from duck viral enteritis
No
79
Which species are affected by avian influenza
Domestic poultry, waterfowl - contagious to domestic poultry
80
What are the most commonly highly pathogenic avian influenza strains? Where is the virus harbored
H5 and H7 - virus usually in respirator and intestinal tract of birds
81
H PAI is a - disease
Woah reportable disease
82
How is West Nile virus spread
Mosquitos (and birds)
83
What are clinical signs of West Nile virus
Fever, ataxia , incoordination, paresis, paralysis, death and fatal neurologic disease
84
What will you see in an animal with West Nile virus on gross necropsy
Meningeal, cerebral , cerebella congestion, myocardial hemorrhages and necrosis
85
Is West Nile virus a public health risk
Yes
86
What causes avian cholera ? Who are the hosts
P. Multocida - hosts usually water birds, rodents and raptors
87
What are clinical signs of avian cholera
Incoordination, tremors, inability to fly, hemorrhage in heart, liver; copper colored liver
88
Is there public health risk to avian cholera
Low risk, local infection, septicemia via inhalation - wear PPE
89
What causes avian tuberculosis ? How is it transmitted
Mycobacterium avium - transmitted by fecal contamination or ingestion of contaminated feed (feeders)
90
What are clinical signs of avian tuberculosis
Emaciation, muscle wasting, weakness, soreness, large plaques on airsacs, multi focal grandomators nodules in liver, spleen, intestine,
91
Why is control of avian tuberculosis hard
Intermittent fecal shedding (ante morten testing hard), long term survival in soil
92
Is there a public health risk with avian tuberculosis
Children and elderly individuals and immunocompromised persons - especially in avian rehab locations
93
How is aspergillosis transmitted
Inhalation of fungal spores - moldy feed, etc
94
What are clinical signs of aspergillosis
Respiratory distress, wheezing, cough, weakness, emaciation, death. - multifocal white yellow green modules or plaques in the trachea
95
How do you treat aspergillosis
Hard - may not be worth treating because it will come back
96
Is there a zoonotic risk with aspergillos is
Old or immunocompromised
97
If you see vacillation of White matter in brain and spinal cord what could it be
Avian vacuolar myelinopathy
98
What causes avian botulism
Clostridium type C - bacteria in decaying matter, then maggots eat that plus the toxin then birds eat the maggots
99
How do uw offer diagnose lead poisoning in birds
Rads
100
How do you diagnose sarcosporidiosis - is there zoonotic concern
Check muscle on histopath for White rice like lesions (cysts) - no even if infected meat is ingested
101
Define emerging infectious disease
Disease appearing in population for the first time op known but rapidly increasing in prevalence
102
What are the primary reservoir of Hanta virus
Rodents
103
What 2 animals are needed to spread lymes disease
White footed mouse and white tailed deer
104
Pinpoint white lesions in the liver and spleen in indicate
Tularemia
105
What is chytridiomycosis
Fungal disease affecting amphibians - causes mass mortality in toads, causes epidermal sloughing and hemorrhage
106
What is White nosed syndrome of bats
Fungus causing emaciation in all bats in caves - no way to treat (try to stop people exploring caves) - will see a white substance on the head, ears and wings of bats
107
What is the main host of monkeypox
African squirrels (brought in to US by prarie dogs and rodents )
108
What are clinical signs of monkeypox
Papules on hands, feet, tongue, etc - lesions usually go away and survivors become immune (low mortality)
109
What is the major definitive host of hydatid cyst disease (very small tapeworm)
Red fox
110
Is there zoonotic potential with hydrated cyst disease
Yes - people susceptible to larval stage which causes hyatid alveolar disease , cysts most commonly destroy the liver
111
What are the intermediate hosts of hyatid cyst disease
Rodents
112
Describe visceral larval migrans
Ascarid larvae from carnivore species migrate through the organs of humans causing fever, liver, lung and eye damage
113
Describe the zoonotic risk of Baylisascaris
Humans can get it by rehabbing raccoons - causes visceral, ocular and CNS larval migrans, has caused a number of human deaths with permanent neuralogic disease, requires flaming to kill
114
What are common hosts of the plague
Prairie dogs, ground squirrels, felids, black footed ferrets
115
What form of the plague caused the Black Death
The primary pneumonic form - the bubonic form caused lymphadenitis and granular lesions
116
What do you need to handle the plague
FDA clearance because it is a category A bioterrism agent
117
How do you diagnose the plague
Bipolar gram negative staining coccobacillus in lymph node aspirates - definite diagnosis with IHC
118
What are 5 major influences of emerging infectious diseases
Environmental degradation, translocation of infected animals, feeding stations, game farming , feral animals
119
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease is a - in the us
Foreign animal disease
120
Does rabbit hemorrhagic disease affect humans
No
121
Describe the pathogenesis of rabbit hemorrhagic disease - can you treat
Highly contagious, incubation 2-4 days / fever, palor, hemorrhage from nose, hematuria, shock , sudden death I liver failure and DIC leading to death - unrewarding treatment , state vet has vaccines for domestic rabbits
122
Which type of rabbit hemorrhagic disease (a calicivirus) has lower mortality
RHDV 2 has a lower mortality which is good it affects many species of rabbit where as rhdvi only affects adults of one species
