Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

is the study of environmental problems with the perspective and analytical ideas of economics. It investigates and assesses different methods of reaching an efficient and equitable use of all resources from the viewpoint of society

A

Environmental economics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

is the study of how and why people—whether they are consumers, firms, non-profit organizations, or government agencies—make decisions about the use of valuable resources. It is about making choices

A

Economics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

is the study of the behavior of individuals or small groups

A

microeconomics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

is the study of the economic performance of economies as a whole.

A

Macroeconomics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

are key ingredients to understanding environmental problems and what can be done about them

A

The concepts of scarcity, opportunity costs, trade-offs, marginal benefits, marginal costs, efficiency and equity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

made by people, firms, and governments can have many deleterious effects on the natural environment.

A

economics decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

remains the central criterion for evaluating outcomes and policies, environmental economists also examine other criteria for choosing among alternative policies that attempt to improve the environment—for example, equity or fairness.

A

economic efficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

examines ways to achieve efficient use of our natural environment over time – energy, forests, land, and harvested species such as fish stocks.

A

natural resource economics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

is about how the economic ‘pie’ is divided up. It talks about ideals of being “just, impartial, and fair”, but who decides what is fair or just? Everyone is treated equally regardless of circumstances.

A

Equity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

treats similarly situated people the same way.

A

 Horizontal Equity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

refers to how a policy impinges on people

A

 Vertical Equity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

looks at whether future generations have the same opportunities as current ones.

A

 Intergenerational Equity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

comes about from human behavior that is unethical or immoral.

A

Environmental degradation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

is something that attracts or repels people and leads them to modify their behavior in some way.

A

Incentive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

is something in the economic world that leads people to channel their efforts at production and consumption in certain directions. It is also often viewed as consisting of payoffs in terms of material wealth; people have an incentive to behave in ways that provide them with increased wealth

A

Economic Incentive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

lead people to modify their economic behavior; for example, self-esteem, the desire to preserve a beautiful visual environment, or the desire to set a good example for others

A

Non-material Incentives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Two concepts of the incentives that exist regarding the environment are

A

 External Effects
 Property Rights

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

are crucial in understanding why we have today’s environmental problems. The basic point is that environmental resources generally do not have well-defined

A

Property rights

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

may increase the likelihood of cancers in children by up to 25 percent and raise the chance of getting childhood asthma by 400 percent.

A

urban smog

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

changes aquatic and land-based ecosystems, killing fish, amphibians, and other aquatic species and affecting forest growth.

A

Acid precipitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

while a controversial topic, could lead to massive ecosystem changes with worldwide impact. Motor vehicle use contributes to congestion on our roads.

A

Global warming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

increases driving times, promotes accidents, and generally makes people very crabby, contributing to “road rage.”

A

Congestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

occurs when the actions of one or more individuals affects the wellbeing of other individuals without any compensation taking place. While can be positive as well as negative (think enjoying viewing your neighbor’s flower garden), pollutants such as air contaminants are negative externalities.

A

externality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

refers to specific area/surroundings of the natural world in which there is a specific climate where living and non-living organisms live together

A

Environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

is a collection of technological, legal, and social arrangements through which individuals in society seek to increase their material and spiritual well-being

A

economy

26
Q

refers to all those activities that determine the quantities of goods and services that are produced and the technological and managerial means by which production is carried out.

A

production

27
Q

refers to the way in which goods and services are divided up or distributed among the individuals and groups that make up society.

A

consumption

28
Q

exists within, and is encompassed by, the natural world. The processes and changes are of course governed by the laws of nature. Economies make use directly of natural assets of all types.

A

economic system

29
Q

The study of nature in its role as provider of raw materials is called

A

natural resource economics

30
Q

The study of these residual flows and its resultant impacts in the natural world is called

A

environmental economics

31
Q

What is the appropriate rate at which to extract the ore from a mine?

A
  1. Mineral Economics
32
Q

What is the appropriate rate to harvest timber? How do government policies affect such harvest rates pursued by companies?

A
  1. Forest Economics
33
Q

: How do people in the private sector make decisions about the use of marine resources?

A
  1. Marine Economics
34
Q

How do government classify the use of land for potential development?

A
  1. Land Economics
35
Q

What are the appropriate rates for extracting underground petroleum deposits and other resources which can be used for energy

A
  1. Energy Economics
36
Q

How do different water laws affect the way water is utilized by different people? What kind of regulation should be adopted for the reallocation of water from one sector to another? Is the pricing for different usage the same?

A
  1. Water Economics
37
Q

How do farmers make decisions about using conservation practices in cultivating their land? How do government programs affect the choices or decision of the farmers regarding what crops to produce and how to produce them?

A
  1. Agricultural Economics
38
Q

(e.g. living resources such as fisheries and timber; they in time according to biological processes. Some non-living resource are also renewable like sun)

A
  1. Renewable Resource
39
Q

(are those resources which do not undergo processes of replenishment, once gone they are gone forever) e.g. petroleum reservoirs and non-energy mineral deposits.

A
  1. Non-renewable Resource
40
Q

is a term describing how an individual’s current decisions affect what options become available in the future.

A

inter-temporal dimension

41
Q

one that can be maintained through time without impairing the fundamental ability of the natural resource base to support future generation.

A

Sustainability

42
Q

of earth is in fact what is depleting. is the ability of the natural system to accept certain pollutants and render them benign or inoffensive.

A

Assimilative capacity

43
Q

is anything that can be converted into energy.

A
  1. Natural Resource
44
Q

can be permanently expended and whose quantity is usually expressed in absolute amounts rather than in rates

A

Stock Resource

45
Q

are resources that are not permanently expendable under usual circumstances; they are resources which are replaced. They are commonly expressed in annual rates at which they are regenerated

A
  1. Flow Resource
46
Q

these are resources that can be replenished. However, renewable resources do not have a rapid recovery rate and are susceptible to depletion if they are overused.

A
  1. Renewable Resources
47
Q

these resources form extremely slow and do not naturally form in the environment. A resource is considered to be non-renewable when their rate of consumption exceeds the rate of recovery. Examples of non-renewable natural resources are minerals and fossil fuels.

A
  1. Non-renewable natural resources
48
Q
  1. Elements of Biotic Components
A
  • Autotrophs – producers
  • Phototrophs – consumers
  • Osmotrophs – decomposer
49
Q
  1. Elements of Abiotic Components
A
  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
50
Q

define physical quantities, such as temperature, energy, and entropy, that characterize thermodynamic systems at thermodynamic equilibrium

A

LAW of THERMODYNAMICS

51
Q

states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system. It can only be transferred and converted from one form (coal) to another (energy).

A
  1. Law of Conservation of Energy
52
Q

states that transformation of materials and energy has an irreversible process or transformation of useful material. This transformation is coupled with residuals or wastes. Thus, no 100% conversion of materials.

A

Law of Entropy

53
Q
  • is a thermodynamic property that is the measure of a system’s thermal energy per unit of temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work
A

Entropy

54
Q

exchanges energy and matter with its environment

A

Open System

55
Q

exchanges only energy with its environment

A

Closed System

56
Q

pollutant like noise

A

Noncumulative

57
Q

like plastics, non-biodegradable wastes

A

Cumulative pollutant

58
Q

The chief normative economic criterion for choosing among various outcomes occurring at the same point in time is called

A

Static Efficiency

59
Q

All benefits and costs accrued as a result of owning and using the resources should accrue to the owner, and only to the owner, either directly or indirectly by sale to others.

A

Exclusivity

60
Q

All property rights should be transferable from one owner to another in a voluntary exchange.

A

Transferability

61
Q

Property rights should be secure from involuntary seizure or encroachment by others.

A

Enforceability

62
Q
A

ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions