Midterm

Question 1

Africa composes ___% of the world’s surface and ____% of earth’s total land area (islands included)

Answer 1

6, 20

Question 2

The three largest countries in Africa are:

Answer 2

1. Algeria
2. DRC
3. Sudan

Question 3

Countries in Northern Africa:

Answer 3

Egypt
Libya
Tunisia
Algeria
Morocco
Sudan

It is characterized by its proximity to the Mediterranean Sea, arid climates, and cultural ties to the Arab world.

Question 4

Animals associated with saharan west africa

Answer 4

Cross River gorilla
Pygmy Hippo
Barre Cheeked Trogon
Diana Monkey
Forest elephant
Black belly seedcracker

Question 5

Countries in West Africa:

Answer 5

Nigeria
Ghana
Senegal
Mali
Ivory Coast
Mauritania

West Africa is known for its diverse cultures, rich history, and significant contributions to the transatlantic slave trade

Question 6

Countries in East Africa

Answer 6

Kenya
Tanzania
Uganda
Ethiopia
Rwanda.

It is known for its stunning landscapes, including the Great Rift Valley, as well as its diverse wildlife and cultural heritage.

Question 7

Countries in Central Africa

Answer 7

Democratic Republic of the Congo
Cameroon
Gabon
Central African Republic

characterized by its tropical rainforests, diverse ecosystems, and challenges related to political instability

Question 8

Countries in Southern Africa

Answer 8

South Africa
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Botswana
Namibia

diverse landscapes, including savannas, deserts, and coastal areas, as well as its history of colonialism and apartheid.

Question 9

What does the term African Diaspora refer to?
- Dates of trans Atlantic slave trade
What countries outside of Africa have the greatest number of African descendants?

Answer 9

The African diaspora refers to the widespread dispersion of people of African descent beyond the continent of Africa, primarily as a result of the historical transatlantic slave trade, colonization, and migration.

Trans Atlantic slave trade: 15th-19th century

Brazil and the US

Question 10

how many countries are there in Africa?

Answer 10

48 countries, 6 island nations

Question 11

How did colonial borders cause conflict in Sudan and South Sudan?

Answer 11

Sudan, as a unified entity, was under British and Egyptian colonial rule from the late 19th century until Sudanese independence in 1956.

During this period, the British-Egyptian administration implemented policies that favored the Arab-dominated north over the predominantly African south, exacerbating ethnic and religious divisions.

Colonial powers often used divide-and-rule tactics to maintain control over their territories. In Sudan, this involved favoring the Arabized Muslim populations in the north while marginalizing the non-Arab African populations in the south. This led to deep-seated grievances among southern Sudanese communities.

When the colonial powers drew the borders of Sudan, they paid little attention to the cultural, ethnic, and linguistic boundaries of the various indigenous groups. As a result, the borders divided ethnic groups, separated communities that had historical ties, and created artificial distinctions between “northern” and “southern” Sudan.

Question 12

How are three ways that climate, topography and biomes are effected by where people live and farm and where cities develop

Answer 12

• Rerouting of water ways
• Expansion of the desert
• Rainforests shrinking

Question 13

How many countries are in the western hemisphere? Are they more or less advanced? Why?

Answer 13

19 of 54
more advanced
closest to Europe and trade routes
oil and natural resources

Question 14

Animals associated with north Africa:

Answer 14

Dromedary camel, fat in hump (only one) breaks down for energy,
Sand viper, bury themselves to protect from heat
Fennec fox, nocturnal
Addax Antelope
Monitor Lizard

Question 15

what mountain range separates desert from mediterranean?

Answer 15

Atlas mountains

Question 16

Two notable aspects of sub-saharan west africa nature/ wildlife

Answer 16

Rainforest- serve as transitions into dry savannah areas
Unique primates

Question 17

Congo basin wildlife

Answer 17

Great ape diversity
21 species of primates
182 species of snakes

Question 18

East Africa nature/wildlife

Answer 18

Great riff valley, early human skeletons discovered here
Serengeti
Mount kilimanjaro
“Big 5” of African wildlife species
Annual wildebeest migration
Ethiopian wolf
Gelada baboon
(Maasai people live in balance with nature)

Question 19

What was “The Dark Continent” and how did it shape western perception of Africa?

Answer 19

1950’s Disney true life adventure, popular documentary
Frame Africa as being uninhabited, erasure of Africans living there,
Described the physical environment as unexplored, mysterious and dangerous
untamed, exotic

Justification for colonization
- ignores presence and rights Africans, shows Africa as uncivilized and in need of “taming”

Question 20

What are some of the main differences between Egypt and the rest of Africa?

Answer 20

Egyptians more related to the Mediterranean and Arab world, connection to the nile valley, cultural and linguistic ties to Middle East
blocked from the rest of Africa by the desert
6000bce earliest point of civilization
Nubians are indigenous to Africa, not Mediterranean
30 different dynasties
use of tributaries make it easy to conquer

Question 21

innovations that came out of Egypt

Answer 21

First elevated bed, chairs and boxes
Paper and ink (papyrus, made of reeds, ink made of soot and spit)
Medicine: heal wounds, stitch together wounds, toothpaste (rock salt, mint, dried iris, pepper), makeup, hair, breath mints
Math (building of the pyramids)
Calendar: tied to agriculture, 12 months, each month was 30 days and then 5 at the end

Question 22

religion in Egypt

Answer 22

Religion
Polytheistic
Osiris god of the underworld
Wealthy were mummified so that they were in good condition when they got to the underworld
Now the dominant religion is islam and coptic christianity is about 5%
Cairo in egypt has many churches next to mosques

Question 23

what is the Fertile Crescent

Answer 23

Nile river and levant area
Fertile area of early agriculture
Cradle of civilization
Needed sedentary ag to start sedentary society
Effective irrigation techniques
Civilization started simultaneously elsewhere in the world so cradle of civilization has been called into question (very eurocentric)

Question 24

when/where did the ottoman’s rule? what was their influence in Africa?

Answer 24

14th -20th century
mostly influenced north africa
spread of islamic culture, language and architecture

Question 25

Indigenous tribes in Egypt

Answer 25

Jebeliya Bedouin Matrough Muzeina Nubian (oldest ethnic group in egypt, original indigenous people, matriarchal society, preserved language for 7000 years) Aswan High Dam built through the villages and displaced the nubian

Question 26

why is Libya divided?

Answer 26

Italian control right side connected to Egypt left side connected to Tunisia in 1945 separated into three regions - Cyrenaica - Fezzan - Tripolitania oil creates more division

Question 27

what can we learn from the derna dam break? When did it happen? How many people were killed?

Answer 27

September 11 2023 11,000 people killed 2 dams burst Happened along the coast, wealthier area Libya national army, gov that is not recognized by the rest of the world Lack of infrastructure, communication, any sense of danger Conflicting info about staying at home or evacuation, no facilities for evacuation

Question 28

what is the Arab spring?

Answer 28

The Arab Spring refers to a series of pro-democracy uprisings and protests that swept across several countries in the Arab world, starting in late 2010 and continuing into 2011 and beyond. These protests were largely driven by frustration with autocratic regimes, political repression, economic stagnation, corruption, and lack of political freedoms. The movement began in Tunisia in December 2010 when a street vendor, Mohamed Bouazizi, set himself on fire in protest against police harassment and humiliation. His act sparked widespread protests against the authoritarian regime of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, eventually leading to his ousting in January 2011. The success of the Tunisian revolution inspired similar protests in other Arab countries, including Egypt, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Bahrain, and others. These protests varied in scale and intensity, but they all shared the common goal of demanding political reforms, greater civil liberties, and an end to authoritarian rule.

Question 29

how did ottoman rule help Morocco?

Answer 29

kept invaders out

Question 30

where are the amazigh people from? what language do they speak? what is their relationship with other groups throughout history? What language do they speak? What does the earthquake in the Atlas Mountains tell us?

Answer 30

indigenous to North Africa, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Mali, niger - Language is oral rather than written - Matriarchy - Dhabba kehena - Ancestral queen mother - Many tribes within this community - Kabyles - Rifans - Taureg Have not mixed with arab populations, very little arab genetics Often ostracized Tortured and killed under king hassain Muslims not always arab, arab not all muslim Language: Tamazight - Children banned from speaking it - Language is in danger of disappearing - Oppressed Different dialects so there is no standardization (can't be shared on social media) Language fundamental to cultural identify and effective way of subjugating people Atlas mountain earthquake Amazigh Usually desert nomads but in morocco they live in the atlas mountains Infrastructure was destroyed and global attention and aid was very minimal If you are not a country that is in the forefront of people's minds or imagination, gets less attention and help

Question 31

Since 1910 the Sahara has expanded by ____ primarily expanding south and toward the mediterranean, to the islands and parts of spain

Answer 31

10%,

Question 32

Dorcas gazelle:

Answer 32

thrives in arid conditions because it is water independent, water from vegetation that they eat, no standing water, even during extreme drought

Question 33

Dromedary camel:

Answer 33

one hump, cultural icon, conserve water because their humps are filled with fat that they convert to water and energy, drink up to 40 gallons of water at one time, survive dehydration because they have specialized kidneys and intestines are specialized for water absorption, nostrils close to trap the moisture in

Question 34

Fennec fox:

Answer 34

giant ears to regulate heat just like elephants, release excess body heat and conserve energy because they are nocturnal, fewer predators, fur on feet so they don't get burned

Question 35

Red neck ostrich adaptation

Answer 35

adapted for sahara, lay eggs in communal nest which distributes incubation and protection and protects from excessive heat, thick shells

Question 36

Monitor lizards:

Answer 36

ectothermic and regulate body temp, warmth from sun and retreat underground to stay cool with microclimate in burrows

Question 37

Silver ant:

Answer 37

heat resistant, go out when it is hottest, run super fast, long legs to keep bodies off the sand, hairs on them that reflects the heat

Question 38

Death stalker scorpion characteristics

Answer 38

potent venom, nocturnal, venom is so toxic it can kill anything, potential cancer treatments

Question 39

African wild dogs:

Answer 39

hunting in packs (more efficient protects from predators), cohesive social structure

Question 40

Saharan cheetah:

Answer 40

different from other cheetahs, more solitary and lighter build

Question 41

Language groups

Answer 41

Arabic, french, swahili, hausa, igbo, yoruba (Nigerian), tamazight, oromo, portuguese, amharic (english not one of them) 200 afro-asiatic 140 nilo saharan 30 khoisan All languages are official languages English doesn't even make the top 50 languages

Question 42

Expected that by 2025, 1 in ___ people in the world will be living in Africa

Answer 42

4

Question 43

true of false: Population is decreasing but growth rate is increasing

Answer 43

False: Population increases but growth rate is declining

Question 44

Most densely populated and urbanized city:

Answer 44

Djibouti, Japanese, French and American defense forces

Question 45

Nigeria population Pop is __% of Africa Grew __% from last year Median age

Answer 45

Population: 227 million Population of nigeria is almost 3% of entire country Up 12% from last year Median age is 17.2

Question 46

Most urbanized country

Answer 46

Gabon

Question 47

Most densely populated countries:

Answer 47

Rwanda and burundi Nigeria 483ppl/sq Between 300-500 ppm/sq mile

Question 48

what are factors that affect the growth rate?

Answer 48

food insecurity disease conflict - People leaving the continent

Question 49

Similarities in North African countries

Answer 49

- primarily mediterranean country origins - heavily influenced by ottoman occupation - were colonized many times - ruled by dictators or military regimes - internal conflict

Question 50

countries that colonized Africa

Answer 50

Belgium britain france germany italy portugal spain

Question 51

how has religious affiliation changed in Africa?

Answer 51

Used to be majority ethnic/ traditional religions, now 42% muslim and 28% christian

Question 52

what is the most populous country in Africa?

Answer 52

Nigeria

Question 53

What is the country where the most languages are spoken?

Answer 53

Nigeria, fewer international languages the more interior you get

Question 54

Cause and effect: Food insecurity in Africa

Answer 54

Exacerbated by drought Lack of nutrition means many children die early, this raises birth rate because people have more children to make up for child mortality rate Only place in which children are overweight and stunted in growth

Question 55

___% of child mortality is due to food insecurity

Answer 55

45%

Question 56

___ of pop is undernourished

Answer 56

1/3rd

Question 57

main methods of food production

Answer 57

Hunting and gathering Subsistence farming - herding animals - crop cultivation - silvopastoralism Commercial farming

Question 58

what happened with the locusts and agriculture in East Africa?

Answer 58

Locusts are a type of grasshopper that can form swarms of millions of individuals, capable of devastating crops and causing significant damage to agriculture. In Africa, locust outbreaks have historically been a recurring problem, particularly in the Sahel region and parts of East Africa. One notable example is the Desert Locust outbreak that began in East Africa in late 2019 and continued into 2020. This outbreak was fueled by unusually heavy rainfall and cyclones in the region, which created ideal breeding conditions for locusts. The swarms spread rapidly across several countries, including Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Uganda, causing extensive damage to crops and pastures.

Question 59

the problem with commercial farming in Africa

Answer 59

Food sold at market and overseas - Farming of plants and foods that are not native —> Require more water, more nutrients than are in the soil, more susceptible to pests - Crops were brought in through colonization, high value when exported - Draw water away, fertilizers and pesticides that get into water - Take away land from local farmers

Question 60

___ out of ten countries for new HIV infections are in sub saharan africa

Answer 60

7

Question 61

___% of people with aids are in sub-saharan africa

Answer 61

69%

Question 62

___ of world's children living with aids are in africa

Answer 62

92%

Question 63

factors that contributed to the aids crisis in Africa

Answer 63

lack of prevention and education south African president that said people got aids because they were poor lack of accessibility due to western Pharmaceutical companies taboo subject sexual violence and rape

Question 64

effect of ebola in Africa

Answer 64

1976 first outbreak 2014-2016 outbreak in west Africa, was spread through commuters wipes out entire communities Much more difficult to catch than covid Originated from mammals like primates that are eaten for bushmeat Caused prejudice toward Africans and Black people also in the US, similar to discrimination against Asian people during covid Complete panic in the US

Question 65

Response to and effect of Covid

Answer 65

Covid barely touched sub saharan africa Dealing with Ebola allowed for regulations and restrictions Even with bad distribution of vaccines Least impacted region of anywhere in the world Incredibly rigorous death reporting system, most accurate death reporting out of anywhere in the world Very strict infectious disease control system Despite this, sub-saharan africa had a travel ban, lasted longer than any other travel ban for any other country Travel ban in europe lifted many months before africa One of the last variants was the south african variant (after south african scientists), came from the netherlands Triggering prejudice Strain originating from india not called indian strain Considered to be more economically powerful

Question 66

Factors that direct trends in conflict

Answer 66

Communal - land and water resources Borders - want traditional land back Food - food riots Religion - extremist groups

Question 67

life expectancy for the continent as a whole

Answer 67

63 yrs old

Question 68

what region/ group has the lowest life expectancy ?

Answer 68

Western African men, chad 53.7 years old

Question 69

___% of world pop lives in sub saharan Africa

Answer 69

18

Question 70

less than __% of individuals in subsaharan Africa live in cities

Answer 70

45

Question 71

median age in the US is ____ while median age in Africa is _____

Answer 71

39, 19

Question 72

indicators of developmental success

Answer 72

stable gov (functioning) stable economy (varied economy) strong infrastructure (internet, phones, technology, electricity) educated pop (good education) healthy pop (health care, prenatal care and infant care) personal freedom

Question 73

the two countries with a high development score

Answer 73

Botswana and South Africa

Question 74

what is the African union and what is their goal?

Answer 74

The African Union (AU) is a continental organization consisting of 55 member states across Africa. It was established on May 26, 2001, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and officially launched on July 9, 2002, in Durban, South Africa, succeeding the Organization of African Unity (OAU). The AU is headquartered in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The primary goal of the African Union is to promote unity, cooperation, and development among African countries, with the aim of achieving peace, security, and prosperity on the continent.

Question 75

What does Strong infrastructure include?

Answer 75

Roads, able to transport goods Ability to trade with other countries Communication Electricity Mobile phone subscriptions: mostly use burner phones Kenya: ten year waiting list for landline phone

Question 76

what are key aspects to creating an educated population?

Answer 76

Men and women educated education accessible Education beyond primary school and college educated Receive education outside of home country Exposing pop to rest of the world, gaining first-hand experience

Question 77

What countries compose the African union and what is it?

Answer 77

All african nations Supranational body to empower its citizens Hold leaders accountable and protect their citizens Healthier future for everyone Inclusion in G20 with same status as other countries Sustainable development English and chinese

Question 78

Why is it important that Egypt Morocco and Tunisia are tourist destinations on a global scale?

Answer 78

People know what they are like, care about them and have developed an attachment to the place

Question 79

only country that has not been colonized

Answer 79

ethiopia

Question 80

What are the causes and effects of refugee camps in subsaharan Africa? Example of camp and how many refugees:

Answer 80

Caused by civil disturbances, people escape into. neighboring countries ex. over 250,000 people in Kenya, mostly from Somalia effect is tension and strain on resources environmental degradation of the land, all vegetation removed and land compressed

Question 81

Why is it a problem that the median age is 19 in some places in Africa?

Answer 81

Not enough people old enough to be in the workforce too many children that require resources and care especially infants are care intensive

Question 82

Main effect of Born Free

Answer 82

set the precedent for the movement/ idea behind reintroduction. Rather than kill animal or send it to the zoo, could be reintroduced

Question 83

Major takeaways from video: The problem with Africa's borders

Answer 83

Uses religion, ethnicity and language to try and divide up the country, showing that current colonial borders create boundaries where these categories split Muslim north and Christian south 630,000,000 largest christian pop anywhere on earth Berlin conference: leaders voted to keep arbitrary boundaries

Question 84

What was the time frame of colonization in Africa?

Answer 84

1880-1900

Question 85

How did they justify the colonization of Africa

Answer 85

said it was to stop the slave trade but really they just reinforced it Had to liberate Africa through three C's Commerce Christianity Civilization (David Livingston)

Question 86

What was the initial "area of confusion" for colonial powers in Africa disputed at the Berlin conference?

Answer 86

mouths of the niger and Congo river

Question 87

What does the term "scramble for Africa" refer to?

Answer 87

refers to the rapid colonization and partitioning of Africa by European powers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This period saw European nations aggressively competing to establish colonies and control territories across the African continent. The scramble was driven by various factors, including economic interests in Africa's resources (such as minerals, rubber, and agricultural products), strategic considerations for trade routes, and the desire for political power and prestige. This colonization had significant and lasting impacts on Africa, including the imposition of colonial rule, the exploitation of natural resources, the disruption of indigenous societies and cultures, and the establishment of arbitrary borders that often ignored existing ethnic and cultural divisions.

Question 88

when was the Berlin conference and what was it?

Answer 88

1884-1885 Otto van Bismarck 14 countries legitimized European European claims to African territories

Question 89

Who was Henry Morton Stanley and why is he relevant?

Answer 89

contributed to the "scramble for Africa". Payed by Leopold to go up and down the river to make “treaties” with the local people so that the king has access to resources

Question 90

How was colonizing India related to colonizing Africa

Answer 90

1958 taken over india Initially looking at cyro and south africa Cecil rhodes wanted great britain to control the entire world Convinced british gov of cyro to cape railway system

Question 91

Who was Leopold and why is he important?

Answer 91

Leopold ran the congo as his own personal empire, congo free state, Philanthropic enterprise to “shower the natives with civilization” Belgium gives him money to start his own kingdom Profits from rubber and slavery then went to him Set up through the stanley treaties One of the treaties was with high powered arab slave trader Appointed him as governor and allowed him to ramp up slave trading Belgium comes back for international anti-slavery trading The way that he stops the slave trade is mass murder of the slaves Help the women captive so that the men would do the work Amputations were standard 15,000,000 people died under his reign Important to what he did to central africa Disadvantage to the european merchants so they stopped him

Question 92

Significant of WWI in Africa

Answer 92

first shot taken by African soldier wearing British uniform that fired on German forces? Exploitation of Africa for war efforts: Huge losses by the africans who were forced to participate in the war, over 2,000,000 150,000 injured or disabled, starvation from food shortages Armies would seize food from communities and families The soldiers were farmers and hunters and fisherman Very little discussion of Africa very different conflict because they lacked the same technology that was in europe -less environmental degradation - No trenches and poison gas Massive exodus of europeans from the continent as they were pulled to the western front or northern africa Pullout of services manned by europeans In some cases there were senegalese that were already doing these jobs, in british west africa there were new opportunities that opened up were opportunities to First time that africans saw the europeans in a different life, had the money and resources Africans see white people fighting each other, they were told to kill the white people Economic disruption but caused a shift by looking at colonizers and seeing the weaknesses When porters came back they had new view of the white man

Question 93

Significance of WWII in Africa

Answer 93

Colonizers came back Colonizers sell food for way more to make up the losses of WWI, blame colonial gov planting the first seed for fight for independence We fought on your side , we should get something out of this Supplying rubber and minerals and food Contributed marginally as soldiers Small sub saharan force Due to race policies only men of european descent can participate in armed combat Wanted madagascar because of the japanese so the british took it over from the french

Question 94

Post WWII

Answer 94

Germany loses holdings Africans across continent know they have ability to defeat these people Dates of independence: After WWII - 1994 (entire pop of south africa can vote) independence in 1691 7% white but still african

Question 95

Name changes after WWII

Answer 95

Desire to shed colonial legacy and regain identity Kingdom of eSwatini DRC (different than congo) Namibia , german southwest africa, then southwest africa Ghana, the gold coast 1957 Benin Republic, dahome 1975 Malawi Zimbabwe and Zambia, previously rhodesia Botswana, Burkina Faso , 1960 dependence from France

Question 96

Continued impact of colonization

Answer 96

Political fragmentation Economic dependency Cultural erosion

Question 97

cultural erosion from colonization ex from Portugal and Britain

Answer 97

Eroded indigenous culture and language and beliefs Portuguese colonies Changes names while people in british colonies kept african names South africa and apartheid Institutionalized segregation All of south africa is owned by a person or by the government

Question 98

Economic dependency from colonization, example from one African country

Answer 98

White saviorism Colonial economy structures to serve interests of colonizers, every country set up to be resilient on export driven economies and limited industrial development, hindering sustainable growth / Germans desert benin, infrastructure is hollowed and no longer used

Question 99

WWI and WWII start and end dates

Answer 99

1914-1918 1939-1945

Question 100

Arab spring dates

Answer 100

2010 -2013