Midterm

Question 1

Life is organized. List smallest unit to an organism

Answer 1

atom
molecule
organelle
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism

Question 2

Organism vs. Population vs. Community vs. Ecosystem vs. Biosphere

Answer 2

organism is 1 living individual.

population is same region, same species, same time

community is all populatons in same region

ecosystem is all living and nonliving components of an area

biospehere is global ecosystem - where life is possible

Question 3

Producers vs. Consumers vs. Decomposers

Answer 3

Producers: extract energy from nonliving environment

Consumers: obtain energy from other organisms

Decomposers: obtain nutrients from dead organisms and wastes

Question 4

What is lost every time energy is transferred?

Answer 4

Heat

Question 5

Homeostasis

Answer 5

Cell or organism maintaining equilibrium

Question 6

Asexual vs. Sexual offspring

Answer 6

Asexual: offspring are identical to parent

Sexual: genetic material from both parents

Question 7

Taxonomy

Answer 7

study of naming and classifying organisms

Question 8

3 Domains of species

Answer 8

Bacteria (Prokaryotic, Unicellular)
Archaea (Prokaryotic , Unicellular)
Eukarya

Question 9

Does Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic have cells with nuclei?

Answer 9

Eukaryotic has nuclei

Question 10

4 Eukaryotic kingdoms

Answer 10

Protista, Animalia, Plantae, Fungi

Question 11

Matter

Answer 11

material that takes up space

Question 12

Element

Answer 12

substance that can’t be broken down into other substances

Question 13

Atomic number vs. Atomic mass

Answer 13

number is about number of protons in nucleus

mass is protons + neutrons

Question 14

3 particles of an atom

Answer 14

protons, neutrons, electrons

Question 15

Two or more atoms bond to form ___

Answer 15

molecules

Question 16

shell farthest from nucleus is important for what?

Answer 16

for bonding

Question 17

atoms are most stable when what happens?

Answer 17

outer shells are filled

Question 18

how many electrons fill the outer shell?

Answer 18

8

Question 19

Covalent bonds

Answer 19

Atoms share electrons

Question 20

Hydrogen bond

Answer 20

hydrom atom (+) attracts oxygen (-)

Question 21

Ionic bond

Answer 21

oppositely charged ions attract ?

Question 22

Hydrophilic

Answer 22

dissolves in water

Question 23

Hydrophobic

Answer 23

does not dissolve in water (nonpolar molecules)

Question 24

water expands when freeze or when heat?

Answer 24

freezes = expand

Question 25

acidic solutions have ___ (high/low) pH and ___ (high/low) H+ concentration basic solutions have ...

Answer 25

low pH, high H+ (acidic)

Question 26

Buffer solutions

Answer 26

help maintain constant pH by consuming or releasing H+

Question 27

organic molecule

Answer 27

has both carbon and hydrogen

Question 28

4 main types of organic molecules:

Answer 28

carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

Question 29

Monosaccharides

Answer 29

smallest carbohydrate molecules

Question 30

Disaccharides

Answer 30

2 monosaccarides joined by dehydration synthesis

Question 31

2 groups of lipids

Answer 31

triglycerides (fats) and sterols

Question 32

Degree of Saturation

Answer 32

measure of fatty acid's H content

Question 33

monomers of proteins:

Answer 33

amino acids

Question 34

nucleic acids include:

Answer 34

DNA and RNA

Question 35

monomers of nucleic acids:

Answer 35

nucleotides

Question 36

how many types of nucleotides?

Answer 36

5

Question 37

Why are cells so small?

Answer 37

Larger surface area:volume

Question 38

Most ancient forms of life cell type:

Answer 38

prokaryotes

Question 39

Bacteria are part of which cell type?

Answer 39

Prokaryotes

Question 40

animal cells are which cell type?

Answer 40

Eukaryotic

Question 41

Plant cells are which cell type?

Answer 41

Eukaryotic

Question 42

Cell membranes composed of molecules called _______

Answer 42

phospholipids

Question 43

endomembrane system

Answer 43

group of stuff in eukaryotic cell (division of labor)

Question 44

nucleus contains ___ to specify recipe for proteins

Answer 44

DNA

Question 45

Where is protein assembled?

Answer 45

Ribosome

Question 46

Proteins exit organelle in bubbles of membrane called ____

Answer 46

vesicles

Question 47

Golgi apparatus

Answer 47

stack of membrane sacs - processing center.

Question 48

where does cellular digestion occur?

Answer 48

lysosomes

Question 49

for cells without lysosomes, where does cellular digestion occur?

Answer 49

vacuoles

Question 50

Peroxisomes

Answer 50

help with digestion

Question 51

Mitocondria

Answer 51

extracts energy from food for processC

Question 52

Chloroplasts

Answer 52

organelles that use sunlight to produce food for cell

Question 53

Cytoskeleton

Answer 53

network of protein tracks and tubules - helps with cell division, structure, transport, and cell movement

Question 54

Cytoskeleton supports which type of cell?

Answer 54

eukaryotes

Question 55

Plant cells communicate through

Answer 55

Plasmodesmata

Question 56

Gap junctions

Answer 56

connect animal cells

Question 57

Tight junctions

Answer 57

fuse membranes of animal cells together

Question 58

Anchoring junctions

Answer 58

use filaments to hold cells together

Question 59

Energy

Answer 59

ability to do work (or move matter)

Question 60

Why are energy transformations inefficient?

Answer 60

Heat energy is lost at each step. Can't be converted back to useful energy

Question 61

Entropy

Answer 61

measure of randomness/disorder of universe

Question 62

Why is entropy increasing?

Answer 62

because of heat energy being lost to universe

Question 63

Metabolism

Answer 63

all chemical reactions in cells. (build new molecules and break down existing ones)

Question 64

photosynthesis and cellular respiration: which is require energy and which is release?

Answer 64

photosynthesis is energy-requiring reaction cellular respiration is energy-releasing reaction

Question 65

Oxidation

Answer 65

loss of electrons from an atom. Releases energy

Question 66

Reduction

Answer 66

gains electrons (requires energy)

Question 67

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 67

Series of sequential oxidation-reduction reactions. (energy released at each step)

Question 68

ATP

Answer 68

Adenosine Triphosphate. Nucleotide that stores energy temporarily.

Question 69

ADP --> ATP

Answer 69

Mitochondria releases energy from food

Question 70

ATP breakdown: coupled with energy-releasing reaction or energy-requiring reaction?

Answer 70

energy-requiring. ATP formation is coupled with energy-releasing

Question 71

ATP Hydrolysis

Answer 71

Energy releasing, forms ADP

Question 72

Enzymes

Answer 72

speed biochemical reactions

Question 73

How does enzyme speed up a chemical reaction?

Answer 73

Lowers activation energy (energy needed to start reaction)

Question 74

Inhibitor

Answer 74

product of enzyme reactions

Question 75

Negative Feedback

Answer 75

Process where product of reaction slows the production of more product (loop)

Question 76

Temperature and Enzyme

Answer 76

Many enzymes have optimal temperature; temperature matters.

Question 77

Concentration Gradient

Answer 77

High to low concentration --- tendency to dissipate (evenly distributed balls image)

Question 78

How substances are transported across their membranes

Answer 78

Passive Transport Active Transport Endocytosis/Exocytosis

Question 79

Passive Transport

Answer 79

no energy required concentration gradient dissipates across membrane

Question 80

Simple diffusion

Answer 80

high to low concentration (moves down concentration gradient)

Question 81

Osmosis

Answer 81

Diffusion of water down concentration gradient

Question 82

3 types of passive transport

Answer 82

simple, facilitated diffusion; and osmosis

Question 83

Which passive transport needs membrane proteins?

Answer 83

Facilitated diffusion

Question 84

Active Transport

Answer 84

Needs energy and transport protein; moves substance against concentration gradient

Question 85

Endocytosis

Answer 85

Engulf fluids and big molecules into cell

Question 86

Exocytosis

Answer 86

Transports substances out of cells

Question 87

Endo/Exocytosis happens in what situation of membrane transport?

Answer 87

When substance is very large

Question 88

3 ingredients for plants to make own food

Answer 88

sunlight, co2, water

Question 89

What do different photosynthetic pigments in plants do?

Answer 89

Specialize in absorbing different wavelengths

Question 90

No pigment absorbs _____ light

Answer 90

green

Question 91

Gas exchange occurs at which part?

Answer 91

Stomata (leaf pores)

Question 92

Which part of plant does photosynthesis occur?

Answer 92

Chloroplasts

Question 93

Each leaf contain many ________ cells

Answer 93

Mesophyll

Question 94

Pigment molecules in ______ capture sunlight

Answer 94

thylakoid membrane

Question 95

Photosystem

Answer 95

large protein structure in thylakoid membrane

Question 96

2 stages of photosynthesis

Answer 96

light reactions and carbon reactions (calvin cycle)

Question 97

What is produced in light reactions of photosynthesis?

Answer 97

ATP and NADPH (O2 is byproduct)

Question 98

Which photosystem produces ATP in light reactions?

Answer 98

photosystem II

Question 99

2 electrons ejected in what process?

Answer 99

light reaction part of photosynthesis

Question 100

Where do carbon reactions occur?

Answer 100

Stroma

Question 101

what's used to make sugars in carbon reactions?

Answer 101

CO2

Question 102

Plants and animals use ____ to produce ATP

Answer 102

food

Question 103

Aerobic respiration

Answer 103

process of using glucose and oxygen to make ATP

Question 104

How does cell use ATP formed in cellulr respiration?

Answer 104

to do work, like muscle contraction

Question 105

Glucose is split into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate

Answer 105

Glycolysis

Question 106

how many steps cellular respiration?

Answer 106

3 stages

Question 107

Electrons transferred to ____ and _______ in Krebs cycle

Answer 107

NADH and FADH2

Question 108

2 phospholipid bilayers in mitochondria

Answer 108

outer and inner membrane

Question 109

Space in the inner membrane of mitochondria

Answer 109

mitochondrial matrix

Question 110

Where does glycolsis occur?

Answer 110

Outside mitochondrion, in cytoplasm

Question 111

Glycolysis requires input of ____ ATP to activate glucose

Answer 111

2 ATP

Question 112

Net yield ATP in Glycolysis

Answer 112

4 - 2 = 2

Question 113

Does glycolysis requires oxygen?

Answer 113

no

Question 114

Does krebs cycle and etc require oxygen?

Answer 114

Yes

Question 115

Krebs cycle yields more ATP than glycolysis (T/F)

Answer 115

T

Question 116

Pyruvate molecule is converted to ______ molecule in Aerobic respiration

Answer 116

Acetyl CoA

Question 117

Aerobic respiration / Krebs cycle ETC produces _____ ATP

Answer 117

34 ATP

Question 118

Total ATP produced after glycolysis and krebs cycle

Answer 118

36

Question 119

Without oxygen, cell can re-create NAD+ by another pathway:

Answer 119

fermentation

Question 120

In fermentation, oxidation of a glucose molecule yields ___

Answer 120

2 ATP