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Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain the duck experiment of Konrad Lorenz

A

Ducklings started following him instantly after birth, indicating a biological predisposition to an attachment to a caregiver

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2
Q

How do behaviorists view attachment in infants

A

Attachment is a conditioned response because the mother is a source of food

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3
Q

Explain the monkey experiment of Harold Harlow

A

Baby monkeys demonstrated a need for comfort, and exhibiting proximity seeking behavior (preferred cloth monkey to wire monkey)

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4
Q

Explain attachment theory according to John Bowlby

A

Humans are wired to form attachment to certain people (primary caregivers). Laid out the 4 stages of attachment

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5
Q

What are the four stages of attachment according to John Bowlby. Explain.

A
  1. Pre-attachment: Earliest weeks, babies are open to form bonds (ie; social smile as a reflex induced by mirror neurons)
  2. 6w to 6-8M: Caregiver uses physical proximity to recognize and respond to baby’s needs. Preference towards familiar people
  3. 6-8M to clear-cut attachments: separation anxiety from primary caregiver because baby understands object permanence, stranger anxiety. Social referencing (checking back on PC to see if things are okay)
  4. Goal-coerced partnership (18M on): Early relationships & experiences set the stage for how we view relationships. Balance between child’s autonomy and parent’s need to protect
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6
Q

Explain the Mary Ainsworth’s strange situation

A

2 separation episodes and 2 reunion episodes to assess the child’s attachment style

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7
Q

What are Ainsworth’s 4 attachment styles

A
  1. Secure: easily soothed by PC, comfortable with emotions, seeks help
  2. Avoidant: impression of independence, exploring alone, ignoring PC
  3. Resistant: clingy, dramatic, overly dependent, hard time with peers
  4. Disorganized: abusive household, fear, freezing
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8
Q

How does attachment form

A

Synchrony (responding emotionally to each other) and oxytocin

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9
Q

How can you increase maternal sensitivity (5)

A
  1. Social support
  2. Positive relationship with partner
  3. Adequate economic resources
  4. Good psychological health
  5. History of good care in own childhood
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10
Q

True or False: 50% of father’s share the same attachment security category

A

False (70%)

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11
Q

What are the long-term effects of early attachment (3)

A
  1. physical health
  2. Emotional health
  3. Future relationships (Peers or Romantic)
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12
Q

What happens when no bond is formed

A
  • Failure to thrive
  • Prolonged cessation of weight gain
  • Risk factor is poverty
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13
Q

What is reactive attachment disorder (RAD)

A

the child very rarely seeks out a caregiver for protection and support or responds to caregivers, usually very angry (not the same as autism)

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14
Q

What causes reactive attachment disorder (RAD)

A
  • absent or grossly underdeveloped attachment between the child and PC
  • repeated abuse
  • repeated transfer of foster family
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15
Q

What is disinhibited social engagement disorder

A

the child shows no inhibitions, pattern of behavior that involves culturally inappropriate, overly familiar behavior with relative strangers

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16
Q

What causes disinhibited social engagement disorder

A

Early harsh punishment, Transfer of foster care families, neglect, abuse

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17
Q

What is the developmental precursor to the Inhibited and Shy Toddler

A

Responds with intense arousal
to external stimulation in
infancy

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18
Q

What are the positive attributes of the inhibited and shy toddler

A

Easily socialized; shows early signs of conscience; not a discipline problem.

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19
Q

What are the challenging attributes of the inhibited and shy toddler

A

Shy, fearful temperament can persist into
adulthood, making social encounters painful.

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20
Q

What child-bearing advice would you give for an inhibited and shy toddler

A

Don’t overprotect the child. Expose
the baby to unfamiliar people and supportive new situations

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21
Q

What is the developmental precursor to the exuberant Toddler

A

Emotionally intense but unafraid
of new stimuli

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22
Q

What are the positive attributes of the exuberant toddler

A

Joyous; fearless; outgoing;
adventurous

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23
Q

What are the challenging attributes of the exuberant toddler

A

Less easily socialized; potential problems with conscience development; at higher risk for later “acting-out” behavior problems

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24
Q

What child-bearing advice would you give for an exuberant toddler

A

While calm reasoning works best to
quell whining, employ time-outs for defiant behavior. But, above all, use lots of love

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25
What is a Highly Sensitive Person (D.O.E.S.)
- Depth of processing * easily Overstimulated * Emotionally reactive * Sensitive to subtle stimuli
26
What are the important systems to integrate (3)
- vestibular - proprioceptive - interoceptive
27
What is the vestibular system responsible for (2)
* Balance * Sense of head movement in space
28
What is the proprioceptive system responsible for (2)
* Movement * Sensation from muscles and joints of body
29
What is the interoceptive system responsible for (2)
- Internal * Linked to our emotions as well
30
What is sensory processing or integration
Effective registration (accurate interpretation) of sensory input from the environment (including one’s body)
31
What are the signs of difficulty with sensory processing (8)
* Have poor attention * Demonstrate inappropriate behaviour * Being overly active or * Being very lethargic and lacking in speed of activity * Have difficulties in learning and retaining learn skills * Be unable to comfortably manage crowds or group settings * Show immature social skills * Suffer from heightened anxiety
32
Name the 6 parts of the neuron and briefly describes their functions
Dendrites (endings of the cell body, receives messages) Cell body (core of the neuron that surrounds the nucleus, maintains the cell) Nucleus (center of the neuron) Axon (connecting parts of the myelin sheath) Axon endings (prong shaped ending of the neuron, releases the messages) Myelin sheath (bubble shaped part of neuron)
33
What are the functions of the frontal lobe (6)
- problem solving - personality - emotions - reasoning - speaking - motor planning
34
What area is responsible for speech
Broca's Area
35
What are the main functions of the temporal lobe (4)
- understanding language - organizing and sequencing - memory - hearing
36
What are the main functions of the brain stem (7)
- breathing - heart rate - body temperature - alertness - ability to sleep - digestion - swallowing
37
What are the main functions of the cerebellum (3)
- balance and equilibrium - coordination of voluntary movement - fine muscle control
38
What are the main functions of the parietal lobe (4)
- sense of touch - spatial perception - knowing right from left - reading (academic skills)
39
What are the main functions occipital lobe (2)
- vision and color perception - reading (recognizing printed words)
40
What is synaptogenesis
Forming connections between neurons
41
What is myelination
Forming the fatty layer surrounding the axon
42
What is neural pruning
neural loss
43
What are the sleep states in infants
- quiet or deep (30%) - active or light (70%)
44
What is the key to forming strong brain architecture
"serve and return" interactions (baby serves by babbling, adult returns it in a direct and meaningful way
45
Explain the breast feeding process
1. Colostrum makes thicker milk in the first weeks 2. Oxytocin sends message to brain to produce prolactin, cause muscle contractions 3. Prolactin (hormone) is secreted in the alveoli to make milk
46
Why does post-weaning depression occur
drop in oxytocin leads to less prolactin and an increase in estrogen
47
According to Harvey Karp, what are the 5s of the fourth trimester
1. Swaddling (reminds baby of fetal position) 2. Side or Stomach (holding position that helps with balance) 3. Shushing (sound of mom's blood, white noise) 4. Swinging (always moving in the womb) 5. Sucking (natural reflex, gives oxytocin)
48
What are the benefits of skin to skin contact in the 4th trimester
helps regulate temperature, gives oxytocin, encourages breast feeding
49
What are the benefits of kangaroo care in the 4th trimester
carrying baby skin to skin on the chest is good for development
50
What are the reflexes of a baby (9)
- sucking reflex - crawling reflex - moro or startle reflex - stepping reflex - tonic neck reflex - babinski reflex - palmar grasp - gag reflex - blinking reflex
51
Explain the sucking reflex
when something touches the roof of baby's mouth, their lips close and they will suck reflexively (Disappears at 2 months)
52
Explain the crawling reflex
When baby is placed on tummy, their legs will make crawling motions (Disappears at 2 months)
53
Explain the moro or startle reflex
Baby will flail their arms and legs out and pull their limbs back in when they lose balance or are startled (Disappears about 2-3 months)
54
Explain the stepping reflex
If the baby's weight is supported and their feet touch the ground, they will lift and set their feet in a walking motion (Disappears about 2-3 months)
55
Explain the tonic neck reflex
When baby is on their back and their head is turned to the side, the leg and arm on that side will extend, leg and arm on the opposite side will flex (Disappears about 5-7 months)
56
Explain the Babinski reflex
When the side of baby's foot is stroked, their toes spread out (Disappears about 4 months)
57
Explain the rooting reflex
If baby's cheek is gently stroked, they will turn in the direction of the touch and suck their mouths (Disappears about 4 months)
58
Explain the palmar grasp (reflex)
When baby's palm is touched with an index finger, they will clench it (Disappears about 5-6 months)
59
Explain the gag reflex
Baby gags to prevent choking (never disappears)
60
Explain the blinking reflex
Baby will blink when eye is touched or exposed to sudden bright light (never disappears)
61
What is assimilation
when we change new information to fit into an existent scheme (ie: child learns the word dog and calls every 4-legged animal a dog)
62
What is accommodation
changing the scheme to adapt to new information, creating a new scheme (ie; adult tells child that horses and dogs are different, even if they both have 4 legs)
63
What are Jean Piaget's 4 stages of development
1. Sensorimotor (0-2Y) 2. Preoperations (2-7Y) 3. Concrete Operations (8-12Y) 4. Formal Operations (12+)
64
Explain the sensorimotor stage of development for Piaget
Baby manipulates objects to pin down the basics of physical reality. Stage ends with the development of language
65
Explain the preoperations stage of development for Piaget
Children’s perceptions are captured by their immediate appearances. “What they see is what is real.”
66
Explain the concrete operations stage of development for Piaget
- realistic understanding of the world (their thinking is on the same wavelength as adults’) - can reason conceptually about concrete objects, but cannot think abstractly in a scientific way
67
Explain the formal operations stage of development for Piaget
Reasoning is at its pinnacle: hypothetical, scientific, flexible, fully adult. The person’s full cognitive human potential has been reached
68
What are the 4 different perspectives on language
- Skinner: language is learned through reinforcement. - Bandura: language is learned through observation - Nativism (Chomsky): Language develops through a biologically built-in language acquisition device (LAD). Developed theory in reaction to Skinner - Social-interactionists: mutual motivation to communicate drives language development. Biological readiness and social interactions
69
Can you get pregnant at any time
No, ovulation will release the egg on 14th day. egg receptive for 24h, sperm for up to 1 week
70
What is fertilization
The melding into one cell
71
What are chromosomes
strand of DNA that carries our genes
72
How many chromosomes do cells have
46 (sperm has 23, ova has 23)
73
What's the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins
Dizygotic are non-identical (50% same DNA, happen to fertilize at the same time) Monozygotic are identical (same DNA)
74
What are the 3 stages of prenatal development
1. Germinal (1-2W) 2. Embryo (3-8W) 3. Fetus (9-38W)
75
Explain the germinal stage of prenatal development (3)
- Fertilization and implantation of ovum occur (zygote) - Placenta starts to develop - Blastocyst implants in uterine wall
76
Explain the embryo stage of prenatal development (4)
- Top to bottom development (proximodistal sequence) - center to outer development (cephalocaudal sequence) - bigger to smaller development (Mass-to-specific sequence) CRITICAL STAGE
77
Explains the fetal stage
- fetal movement begin - hears heartbeat, sounds, voices - age of viability: 22-23 w
78
What are tertatogens
environmental factors that can contribute to malformations in an embryo or fetus
79
List some teratogens
- alcohol - tobacco - drugs - infectious diseases (ie; herpes) - maternal stress (cortisol) - environmental pollutants
80
What advice would u give for each stage of pregnancy
1st tri; huge shift in hormones, nausea (50%), vomiting (25%), body is preparing 2nd tri; fetal movement (quickening), hormones leveled off 3rd tri; prep baby's room
81
What prenatal diagnosis and treatment would you recommend to a pregnant woman (3)
1. Ultrasound: image of the fetus 2. Chorionic villus sampling: diagnoses chromosomal and genetic disorder in 1st trimester 3. Amniocentisis: sampling of amniotic fluid in second trimester

Childhood Development (1 decks)

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